that is a very complex process with several step, but in summary I can say that : first we have our nature immuno system with all PMN and Mo that migrated by chemiotaxis to the site of disruption, and then, those PMN cell are trying to stop the process, of course the toll like receptor recognize some patron and the complement system is actived. the APC such as Mo process the antigens and presents to Lynphocytes, the LB < and NK cell work together and the MHC sort out wich antigens is ours and which is a external Ag.
That a very complex process but in a simple terms that would be the most close view.
I focus on PAMP(Pathogen Assotiated Molecular Pattern) and the PAMP receptor in our body (PRR ,like toll like receptors) these are the main sensor of our body to recognize any foreign antigens.Especially when we add the role of NOD receptors families which consider as intra-cellular sensors, we can, to some extant ,recognize the initial step of foreign antigens recognition that result in chemokines and other cytokines production which ultimately, lead to the immigration of immune cells to the site of antigens entrance as second step .
Its simply by self recognition process. Every cells have specific type of receptor molecule. Its differ in foregin particles. Thats why medicine people supress the immune system during kidney or tissue transplantation.
When a foreign material enter our body accessory cells get activated like dendritic cells which then sends signals to our b&t cells....
Our immune systemhas the capability to check and identify changes in any foreign particle that enter from outside and even the protien macromolecules in the body to the amino acid level. Even very minor changes in the aminoacids even 4 or 5 amino acids are recognized by the immune system. The primary and secondary immune response constituting specific and non specific defense mechanism has the capability to do the respective functions to put forth the body in the commanding role. Though it is a hodge-podge of events, one thing for sure is our understainding is only increasing in knowing them better. There is no end for such understanings, because a simple example of E.coli, the first studied organism, still ppl come at different conslucions and understanidngs showing the complexity and the intricacies only increases and we have the job of making them simle for the betterment of our future generations!!!!
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