In trying to understand biodiversity or environmental change or both of them, one have to observe abiotic, biotic and human components of place together because they are inseparably interwoven through functional relationships and processes.

Landscape ecology could provide very useful knowledge and methods for this task because it defines landscape as an ecologically determined area in which all organisms (including humans) interacts with their environment. So every change in environment will affect those organisms and every change in organism communities (including human communities) will affect whole environment to greater or lesser extent.

A little I suppose. Regarding the methods and approaches that can provide better answers, I would say it all depends on which factors one would like to study.

You may want to see the following paper:

Fraser et al. 2013. Coordinated Distributed Experiments: an emerging tool for testing global hypotheses in ecology and environmental science. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11: 147-155.

Please, also see the attached paper.

A second article is attached. I hope it will be of interest to you.

Thank you Mohammed for sharing the articles. Still my question focus on the discussion in relation to environmental changes and how we disentangled the effects on biodiversity, which methods and indicators are the most appropriate to understand that complex “cause-effect” relation

Dear Sandra, to understand what you rightly described as complex cause-effect relationships, one may use a range of methods depending on the research question at hand: you may want to see the following examples.

A second example:

A third example attached.

Thanks

Good luck

Thank you, I will take the time to look into the references you provided