Hello Huzifa Malik,

Immunotherapy helps the immune system to better act against cancer. There are several types of immunotherapy to treat cancer. For instance,

1) The immune checkpoint inhibitors block immune checkpoints. These checkpoints are a normal part of the immune system and keep immune responses from being too strong. By blocking them, these drugs allow immune cells to respond more strongly to cancer. So, these drugs basically take the ‘brakes’ off the immune system, which helps it recognize and attack cancer cells.

2. The T-cell transfer therapy is a treatment that boosts the natural ability of your T cells to fight cancer. In this treatment, those cells that are most active against your cancer are selected or changed in the laboratory to better attack your cancer cells. They are grown in large batches, and then put back into your body.

3. Monoclonal antibodies are created in the laboratory that are designed to bind to specific targets on cancer cells. Some monoclonal antibodies mark cancer cells so that they will be better seen and destroyed by the immune system. You may call them therapeutic antibodies.

4. Immunomodulators is a group of drugs generally boosts parts of the immune system to treat certain types of cancer.

5. Treatment vaccines are vaccines which work against cancer by boosting the immune system’s response to cancer cells. Cancer cells contain substances called tumor-associated antigens, that are not present in normal cells or, if present, are at lower levels. Treatment vaccines can help the immune system learn to recognize and react to these antigens and destroy cancer cells that contain them. So, treatment vaccines are different from the ones that help to prevent disease.

Benefits:

1. Immunotherapy stimulates immune response in the entire body. Because immune cells travel through the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system, this mechanism can save patients with metastasizing cancer in which tumors have spread to multiple organs.

2. Immunotherapy is effective against cancer stem cells. These cancer stem cells are the starting point for forming a new malignant tumor. They tend to be more resistant to standard courses of chemotherapy and are highly resistant, meaning they have a high probability of surviving after successful treatment.

These cancer stem cells have a much lower chance of surviving immunotherapy than chemotherapy. So, immunotherapy offers the best chance of achieving long-term remission in patient.

3. Immunotherapy dramatically reduces the likelihood that surviving cancer cells will show the same resistance as to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It offers a real chance of prolonging life in patients with resistant mutations that were previously considered incurable.

Limitations:

1. Immunotherapy can cause side effects, when the immune system that has been revved-up to act against the cancer also acts against healthy cells and tissues in the body. You will observe Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs), a reaction toward the host's healthy tissues. 

The mortality rate is around 50%. Numerous irAE markers have been put forth such as measuring lymphopenia and eosinophilia, B cell alterations, T cell accumulation, circulating IL-17, and stomach microbiota changes.

2. Determining among cancer patients who will respond to immunotherapies that target immunoregulatory pathways and choosing when different systems may be predicted to trigger T-cell responses to malignancies are essential questions to be addressed.

The below attached article will provide you with more information.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9708058/#:~:text=Immunotherapies%20are%20frequently%20constrained%20by,toward%20the%20host's%20healthy%20tissues.

Best.