How does cancer spread from one cell to another??

Hello Baydaa Sih

When a cancer cell throws out its trash, it can turn healthy neighbors into fellow tumor cells. Many cells, including cancerous ones, shed thousands of tiny membrane-bound vesicles called exosomes that contain proteins, DNA and RNA. The process is thought to be a waste-management system, but it may also facilitate cell-to-cell communication. Some of these vesicles can then merge with other cells and dump their payload inside. Cancer cells crank out more exosomes than normal cells. Exposure to the cancer exosomes altered gene expression in the normal cells.

Unlike normal exosomes, those from cancer cells contain the building blocks required to produce the short fragments of RNA called microRNA that can shut off the expression of target genes.

For more information on this subject you may refer to the article attached below.

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.16212

In the article attached below, the study identifies a mechanism whereby cancer cells impart an oncogenic field effect by manipulating the surrounding cells via exosomes.

Article Cancer Exosomes Perform Cell-Independent MicroRNA Biogenesis...

Best.

Stephen I. Ternyik

The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis.

Article Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

(Citation from link)

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Imo, the key is signaling, in terms of ‚spreading false information‘.

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https://www.aacr.org/blog/2022/01/21/new-dimensions-in-cancer-biology-updated-hallmarks-of-cancer-published/

Cellular plasticity is not a “novel invention” of cancer cells, but rather a malignant twist on existing mechanisms that some normal cells can activate to repair and regenerate normal tissues. (Citation from link).

Tomas Koltai

Cancer does not spread from one cell to another. It is not a contagious disease. Cancer cellsreplicate and invade tissues.

It has not been proven that exosomes can cancerize other cells.

Saif Wahid

Cancer spreading from one cell to another is a complex process known as metastasis. Metastasis involves multiple steps that allow cancer cells to invade nearby tissues and spread to distant sites in the body.

Local Invasion: Cancer cells acquire the ability to break away from the primary tumor and invade the surrounding tissues. This process is facilitated by changes in cell adhesion molecules and enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix, allowing cancer cells to penetrate neighboring tissues.

Intravasation: Once cancer cells invade nearby tissues, they can enter nearby blood vessels or lymphatic vessels through a process called intravasation. Cancer cells can directly invade vessel walls or exploit existing pathways created by inflammation or tissue remodeling.

Circulation: Once in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, cancer cells can travel to distant sites within the body. They can survive the mechanical forces and immune surveillance in circulation by interacting with platelets, immune cells, and the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

Extravasation: At a distant site, cancer cells arrest within the capillaries and small blood vessels and then extravasate, or exit, from the vessel walls. They do this by adhering to and penetrating the endothelial cells that line the vessel walls.

Micrometastasis and Colonization: After extravasation, cancer cells form micrometastases, small clusters of cancer cells, at the secondary site. These micrometastases can remain dormant for a period of time or proliferate to form macroscopic metastatic tumors. Successful colonization of a distant site depends on interactions between cancer cells and the local microenvironment.

The exact mechanisms by which cancer cells infect neighboring cells vary depending on the specific cancer type and its characteristics. Some cancer cells release signaling molecules that can induce nearby cells to change their behavior, promoting tumor growth and invasion. Additionally, cancer cells can modify the surrounding tissue microenvironment, creating a more favorable environment for their growth and survival.

It's important to note that cancer cells do not "infect" neighboring cells in the same way as infectious agents. Cancer is a result of genetic mutations within normal cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and invasion. The spread of cancer cells to neighboring tissues and distant sites occurs through the processes described above.

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