Abdelhak Maghchiche

The question for discussion is put too vaguely. If we talk about nanoparticles, then the only thing they have in common is their size and their size effect, but their chemical structure can be different: inorganic nanoparticles, organic, polymeric, element-organic... If we mean adsorption, then their distinctive feature is a large specific surface, which tends to decrease due to adsorption. What interaction should be discussed. There is chemical interaction with transformation into particles of another chemical structure, there is interaction by adsorption, there is interaction by means of a magnetic field at a distance... Therefore, within the framework of this discussion, one can swim in the ocean of problems without mooring to a specific shore endlessly.

Nanoparticles interact with pollutants at the molecular level during adsorption through various physical and chemical mechanisms.

If the nanoparticle surface and the pollutant have opposite charges, strong electrostatic attraction occurs, leading to adsorption.

• Weak, non-covalent interactions between nanoparticles and pollutants contribute to adsorption.These forces are significant in carbon-based nanoparticles (graphene, carbon nanotubes).
• Non-polar pollutants tend to adsorb on hydrophobic surfaces of nanoparticles.Example: Carbon-based nanoparticles adsorbing oil spills or organic solvents.
• some nanoparticles form covalent or coordinate bonds with pollutants, enhancing adsorption strength.Example: Heavy metal ions forming complexes with functionalized nanoparticles (e.g., thiol-functionalized gold nanoparticles binding with Hg²