Here in Egypt, Diminazene Aceturate (DA) is misused by vets and farmers.
It was noticed that several cases of disease were not cured by DA, after which emergency slaughter took place. I suspect the emergence of a resistant strain.
To confirm or exclude this suspicion, I require your opinions on this issue.
It is better to not use diminazene aceturate in camels because camels are not tolerant to diaminazene aceturate. Toxicity and even deaths have been reported in camels treated at the recommended dosage.
Diminazene aceturate is less effective against trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon (such as T. evansi and T. brucei) than against T. congolense and T. vivax.
Many other drugs used in the treatment of trypanosomosis in camels.
Concerning the resistance detection you can read these articles:
Witola WH1, Inoue N, Ohashi K, Onuma M. RNA-interference silencing of the adenosine transporter-1 gene in Trypanosoma evansi confers resistance to diminazene aceturate. Exp Parasitol. 2004 May-Jun;107(1-2):47-57.
Witola WH1, Tsuda A, Inoue N, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Acquired resistance to berenil in a cloned isolate of Trypanosoma evansi is associated with upregulation of a novel gene, TeDR40. Parasitology. 2005 Nov;131(Pt 5):635-46.
Liao D1, Shen J. Studies of quinapyramine-resistance of Trypanosoma brucei evansi in China. Acta Trop. 2010 Dec;116(3):173-7. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.016. Epub 2010 Sep 8
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