you can deploy Copilot Organic extractants used in the solvent extraction process can be either anionic or cationic, depending on the specific application and the type of ions they are designed to extract.

Educational Tips:

For more detailed information, you can explore the principles and practices of solvent extraction in the literature3.

:2. Solvent extraction: the coordination chemistry behind extractive metallurgy :3. Fundamental Principle and Practices of Solvent Extraction (SX) and Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) Process for Extraction and Separation of Rare Earth Metal (s):1. Diphosphonium-Type Liquid Anion-Exchange Extractants

1. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/analsci1985/1/2/1_2_135/_pdf/-char/en

2.Solvent extraction: the coordination chemistry behind extractive metallurgy - Chemical Society Reviews (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C3CS60275C

Fundamental Principle and Practices of Solvent Extraction (SX) and Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) Process for Extraction and Separation of Rare Earth Metal(s) | SpringerLink

Good luck

Thank you very much for your comprehensive answer.

Excuse me, are cationic extractants used in the copper solvent extraction process?

No problem, you can deploy Copilot No, cationic extractants are not typically used in the copper solvent extraction process. Instead, the process primarily relies on anionic extractants. These extractants are designed to interact with the positively charged copper ions (Cu²⁺) to form neutral complexes that can be extracted into an organic solvent phase.

Common Extractants in Copper Solvent Extraction:

Educational Tips:

For more detailed information, you can explore the principles and practices of solvent extraction in the literature.

: Solvent extraction: the coordination chemistry behind extractive metallurgy: SX Solvent Extraction Process Principles Theory: Copper Solvent Extraction - BASF

https://energy-resources.basf.com/dam/jcr:5eb2bf8e-e317-3be4-a3b3-11673bb8d083/basf/energy-resources/mining/documents/Flyer_Copper_A4_2023_EN.pdf

Solvent extraction: the coordination chemistry behind extractive metallurgy - Chemical Society Reviews (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C3CS60275C

https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/solvent-extraction-sx/

Good luck

I really thank you.

Good luck

Hello. good time

The organic phase retention (remaining) in the aqueous phase after solvent extraction and stripping processes is due to which of the following?

1- Entrapment of the organic phase in the aqueous phase

2- Dissolution of the organic phase in the aqueous phase

you ca deploy Copilot, Let's dive deeper into the factors contributing to the retention of the organic phase in the aqueous phase after solvent extraction and stripping processes.

### Entrapment

**Entrapment** occurs when small droplets of the organic phase get physically trapped within the aqueous phase. This can happen due to:

- **Incomplete Phase Separation**: When the separation process is not efficient, small droplets of the organic phase can remain suspended in the aqueous phase.

- **Emulsification**: This is the formation of a stable mixture of two immiscible liquids. Emulsions can form due to vigorous mixing or the presence of surfactants, which stabilize the droplets of the organic phase in the aqueous phase.

### Dissolution

**Dissolution** refers to the process where components of the organic phase dissolve in the aqueous phase. This can be influenced by:

- **Solubility of Organic Compounds**: Some organic compounds have a certain degree of solubility in water. Factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of other solutes can affect this solubility.

- **Distribution Coefficient**: This is a ratio that describes how a compound distributes itself between two immiscible solvents. A higher distribution coefficient means more of the compound will dissolve in the organic phase, while a lower coefficient means more will dissolve in the aqueous phase.

### Factors Affecting Solvent Extraction

Several factors can influence the efficiency of solvent extraction and the retention of the organic phase in the aqueous phase:

- **Solvent Choice**: The type of solvent used can significantly impact the extraction process. Solvents with low miscibility in water are preferred to minimize dissolution.

- **pH and Ionic Strength**: The pH of the aqueous phase can affect the ionization state of the solutes, influencing their solubility and distribution between phases.

- **Temperature**: Higher temperatures can increase the solubility of organic compounds in water, leading to greater dissolution.

Understanding these factors can help in optimizing the solvent extraction process to minimize the retention of the organic phase in the aqueous phase.

: [Science Info](https://scienceinfo.com/factors-affecting-solvent-extraction/)

: [Chemistry LibreTexts](https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_%28Sandtorv%29/02%3A_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES/2.03%3A_LIQUID-LIQUID_EXTRACTION)

: [Savitribai Phule Pune University](https://soe.unipune.ac.in/studymaterial/ashwiniWadegaonkarSelf/BSC%20821%20Ch%201.pdf)

Good luck

thank you