Also have a look at this useful link.

https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)32506-6/fulltext

A useful paper on DRLI -19 (COVID -19) virus:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339327858_Potential_Therapeutic_Agents_for_COVID-19_Based_on_the_Analysis_of_Protease_and_RNA_Polymerase_Docking

Another useful paper on DRLI -19 (COVID-19) virus:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338806634_Clinical_features_of_patients_infected_with_2019_novel_coronavirus_in_Wuhan_China

Other useful papers:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-018-0034-1

Preprint Teicoplanin potently blocks the cell entry of 2019-nCoV

https://res.mdpi.com/d_attachment/viruses/viruses-11-00964/article_deploy/viruses-11-00964-v2.pdf

Article Identification of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Compounds by Targ...

Dr Jinnong Jang et al describe their triage plan here:

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30071-0/fulltext

Information on umifenovir (Arbidol) used by Dr Jang in Wuhan.

Article Clinical efficacy of umifenovir in influenza and ARVI (study ARBITR)

A review of umifenovir (Arbidol):

Article Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update

Excellent up to date review of possible covid-19 treatment options from the ACS.

Article Research and Development on Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines ...

See also

https://biopharmadealmakers.nature.com/users/42377-immunemed-inc/posts/17358-immunemed-discovers-endogenous-broad-spectrum-antiviral-drug-candidate

https://geneonline.news/en/2020/03/08/first-potential-treatment-for-covid-19-greenlighted-by-korean-authorities/

https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/comment/covid-19-clinical-trials/

https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/93/8/e02185-18.full.pdf

Article The Synthetic Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Globally Preva...

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/28/c_138828090.htm

Article Bismuth Complexes Inhibit the SARS Coronavirus

See the work of Yao et al on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine:

https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa237/5801998

and this article on University of Queensland work:

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8115879/COVID-19-Australian-researchers-CURE-coronavirus.html

First vaccine:

https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/first-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-starts-human-testing-20200317-p54as4.html

Triage of Covid-19 in developing countries:

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30114-4/fulltext

Research Proposal An Engineered Method for Treatment of COVID 19.

Interested in hearing more Akbar.

Two more interesting papers* about treatment with chloroquine, one suggesting it in a possible prophylactic role. Chloroquine is also supposed to curb cytokine storm (overreaction by the immune system) in the serious phase of the disease.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTi-g18ftNZUMRAj2SwRPodtscFio7bJ7GdNgbJAGbdfF67WuRJB3ZsidgpidB2eocFHAVjIL-7deJ7/pub

https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/French-researcher-in-Marseille-posts-successful-Covid-19-coronavirus-drug-trial-results

*thanks to a research officer in an Australian MP’s office.

pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272991

Article Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum anti...

https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30076-X/pdf

Article Novel Antiviral Activities of Obatoclax, Emetine, Niclosamid...

Sorry about the first link in this thread, and the sciencedirectassets one above.

Those references are repeated in the thread.

And now something on camostat mesylate (Foipan):

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30229-4?rss=yes)

Fast track approvals in Israel for Covid-19:

https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Health-Ministry-approves-experimental-treatments-for-coronavirus-621209  Kaletra, Xofluza, Rezolsta, hyperimmune globulin, interferon alpha 2b, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine

From February 4, when the per head case rates in Australia and China were about equal:

https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3048888/could-cocktail-therapies-hiv-and-flu-be-magic-cure-new

This was from the frontline in mid February from Jinnong Zhang and team. It contains a flowchart for triage and drugs including umifenovir (Arbidol), the quinolones (eg. chloroquine) and linezolid (Zyvox). It really started off my research.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30071-0/d

Apologies, somehow the tail of the link in the last thread item was cut off:

This was from the frontline in mid February from Jinnong Zhang and team. It contains a flowchart for triage and drugs including umifenovir (Arbidol), the quinolones (eg. chloroquine) and linezolid (Zyvox). It really started off my research.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30071-0/fulltext

Here is Bin Cao and team’s Kaletra study.

Article A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with S...

However, patients entered it two weeks after symptoms, so here is Raffat’s comment:

https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma-asia/does-abbvie-s-hiv-drug-kaletra-also-works-covid-19-maybe-not-nejm-study-finds

Other trials with earlier intervention may yield different results.

Apologies; the comment on Jinnong Zhang and team’s work above should have read “the quinolones eg. moxifloxacin etc”.

This was received on 17th March from Dr Jinnong Zhang:

”“ One antiviral agent is enough if used early. Arbidol has strong potential for postexposure chemoprophylaxis, implied in an investigation of ours. So [does] chloroquine.  The mortality in our medical staff infected [with] COVID-19 is zero. Majority of them took oral arbidol and moxifloxacin in time; if there is a severe case, we add anti-MRSA agent. I do believe chloroquine works, the doctors in Guangzhou have released their positive results already. The only uncertain one is remdesivir.....For those need respiratory support, you may use CPAP. The machine for OSA treatment may also [be] suitable for type I respiratory failure ( c-flex or expiratory pressure dip should be shut down ),  this may be a solution for the shortage of ventilator[s].”

From Dr Jinnong Zhang in Wuhan on 6th March:

“Chloroquine bisphosphate or hydroxychloroquine is also compassionately recommended. Clinical trials are ongoing. Think about how we treat flu pneumonia, delay of medication lead[s] to bad outcome.”

I believe I read somewhere that hydroxychloroquine is the more effective of the two.

Let us not forget the human side to treatment:

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/20/WS5e747823a310128217280d11_2.html

Warning from Johnson and Johnson the maker of Prezista.

https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/j-j-repurposed-hiv-med-prezista-s-chances-as-covid-19-treatment-unsubstantiated

I also spotted a note that Covid-19 infection can lower blood potassium.

Low potassium:

https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/covid-19-research-updates-chinese-study-reveals-that-hypokalemia-present-in-almost-all-covid-19-patients

Many are working hard:

https://www.genengnews.com/virology/coronavirus/catching-up-to-coronavirus-top-60-treatments-in-development/

Fast track approvals in Israel for Covid-19 treatment trials: https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Health-Ministry-approves-experimental-treatments-for-coronavirus-621209

Binding modes:

https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-preprint-research-shows-that-sars-cov-2-has-third-binding-mode,-making-it-a-truly-potent-coronavirus-that-is-in-a-league-of-its-own

I believe the same news source reported a fourth binding mode.

Some more candidates:

https://www.bioworld.com/COVID19clinical-affect

In the ICU areas treating Covid-19 patients, do Indigo-Clean light fittings, which emit 405 nanometer light, have a role?

See

Article Blue Light Disinfection in Hospital Infection Control: Advan...

If surfaces were also sprayed with chosen solutions, which allow the blue light to trigger production of reactive oxygen species, it might be even more effective.

First clinical trial of a Chinese vaccine:

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/21/WS5e75e182a310128217280f49.html

Australian vaccine fasttracked:

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-22/coronavirus-vaccine-funding-university-queensland-cases/12079184

Five haplotypes of the virus and clues to its origins:

Preprint Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumo...

The US appears to have all five haplotypes, Australia 3, much of China 1 from the piecharts.

Another useful paper. Not sure if it allows for the fact that Covid-19 treatment had to be done on the run.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiao_Yu_Wu2/post/Potential_Cheap_and_effective_Drug_for_COVID-19/attachment/5e73ba953843b0047b3633ae/AS%3A870868796321792%401584642709104/download/COVID-19-Science-Report-Therapeutics-13-Mar.pdf

See also

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Covid-19-Staying-abreast

This contains a file categorising most of the above references.

Registered trials up to March 8 from an Oxford survey:

https://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19__trashed/covid-19-registered-trials-and-analysis/d

Current drug recommendations

Below you can see six of the approaches taken to use of drugs against covid itself. There is a real east west divide and I am beginning to wonder if it is going to cost,  or is already unnecessarily costing lives in some western countries, as well as increasing, or going to unnecessarily increase, the demand on ICUs.  Dr Zhang in Wuhan who wrote The Lancet paper in mid February with its triage flowchart including drug therapy told me of the need to get in early with it. He also favoured post exposure prophylaxis. Umifenovir(Arbidol), respiratory quinolones (floxacins), linezolid are in the chart.  Drug therapy is also true of the guide produced by Zhejiang Uni hospital, who say they lost no patients, just as Dr Zhang lost no staff. Turkey started using favipiravir about 24th March (it has good covid figures), and because it already had chloroquine for malaria, Malaysia used it for covid early (with other controls of course) and its figures are good.

Drugs aimed at the virus AustraliaACEM guide - none, other than in a recognised trial See  https://acem.org.au/getmedia/78105c4b-5195-43f6-9c91-25dda5604eaf/Clinical-Guidelines-for-the-management-of-COVID-19-in-Australasian-emergency-departments WHO None.  See  https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1272156/retrieve US None, other than recognised trial, but options provided for those who want to use them with appropriate precautions and contraindications See https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html China (as at 3.3.20) Lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir (Arbidol), interferon alpha, ribavirin, with appropriate precautions and contraindications. eg. Arbidol and beta blockers. Traditional Chinese medicine using formulae including either pseudoephedrine or andrographolide. See https://www.elotus.org/promo-files/COVID-19_resources/Guidance%20for%20Corona%20Virus%20Disease%202019%20(English%207th%20Edition%20Draft).pdf Russia (as at 2.3.20) Lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, including for post exposure prophylaxis, interferon beta 1b, interferon alpha 2b intranasally for children, all with appropriate precautions and contraindications. Notes WHO Fortaleza guidelines for offlabel use. Paracetamol as antipyretic. No interferon alpha as it increases inflammatory factors. See  https://static-1.rosminzdrav.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/049/329/original/Временные_МР_2019-nCov_03.02.2020_%28версия_2%29_final.pdf?1580748451 esp. pp. 14-16 UK NICE guide - none aimed at the virus itself See  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng163/chapter/3-General-advice-for-managing-COVID-19-symptoms On mixing the drugs with NSAIDs and corticosteroids see eg. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7105332/

See also, selected from the Covid Community:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340685417_Therapeutic_Management_of_COVID-19_Patients_A_systematic_review https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30114-5/fulltext

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340710223_Computational_screening_for_potential_drug_candidates_against_SARS-CoV-2_main_protease_Preprint_-_Version_2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340697800_COVID-19_and_emerging_viral_infections_The_case_for_interferon_lambda https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID-19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_Inhibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173 but then see: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/Flawed_methods_in_COVID-19_Attacks_the_1-Beta_Chain_of_Hemoglobin_and_Captures_the_Porphyrin_to_Inhibit_Human_Heme_Metabolism_/12120912

Does selenium have a role in interfering with Covid-19 reproduction?

Is there anyone out there with a better knowledge of genome theory who can see how selenium might be used to interfere with covid 19 reproduction, given what is in this paper? See https://mbio.asm.org/content/4/6/e00869-13

See this Nature review of drug trials

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00003-1

and

trials of camostat mesylate, Foipan in Japan, Camopan in India

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04321096

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420302294

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/these-drugs-don-t-target-coronavirus-they-target-us

Promising developments in Israel:

https://hamodia.com/2020/04/14/israeli-covid-19-treatment-tested-u-s-patient/

https://www.jpost.com/health-science/israeli-covid-19-treatment-with-100-percent-success-rate-tested-on-us-patient-624653

https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/can-fite-received-approval-for-covid-19-clinical-trial-in-israel-patient-enrollment-and-dosing-to-commence-immediately/

https://www.jpost.com/health-science/new-israeli-covid-19-treatment-seemingly-successful-with-first-two-patients-624722

https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/pluristem-covid-19-dosing-israel/

The links above are about Pluristem treatment for critical cases, and also about IB-MECA (Piclidenoson) and opaganib (Yeliva).

New thoughts from Italy:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340778908_Pharmacological_approach_and_therapeutic_options_for_SARS-Cov-2_infection_Fast_update

Including tocilizumab, sarilumab, emapalumab trials.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cadegiani_Flavio/publication/339956446_Is_it_there_a_protective_role_for_spironolactone_to_prevent_coronavirus-induced_acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome_ARDS/links/

There are currently about 60 different molecular drugs in Covid-19 trials, not including hydrogen and nitric oxide, which are also in trials.

Targets can include viral entry into host cells, viral replication, viral RNA synthesis, viral entry via the spike protein, JAK inhibitors, effect on 3CLpro.

There are also a considerable number of other “biological” agents in trials.

The recent clamp on further trials in China may alter this a little.

List of Covid-19 drugs currently being considered. The majority are in trials.

From Genentech, Nature, ACS and CEBM Oxford, Carello et al and Cadegiani

Molecular (correct the categorisation if you have further knowledge)

acetylcysteine

adalimumab

anakinra

APN-01

ASC09

azvudine

baloxavir/marboxil

baricitinib

bismuth potassium citrate

BPI-002

camostat mesylate

camrelizumab + thymosin

carfilzamib

chloroquine

covid-EIG

covid-HIG

danoprevir

darunavir + cobicistat

diammonium glycyrrhizinate

dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine

dipyridamole

eculizumab

emapalumab

emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate

favipiravir

fingolimod

galidesivir

ganovo

hydroxychloroquine

IFX-1

indinavir

inomax (nitric oxide)

jakotinib HCl

KR2009128837 Korean patent

KR2012139512 Korean patent

leflunomide

leronlimab

linebacker + equivir

lopinavir/ritonavir

mepolizumab

nitazoxamide

omecetaxine mepesuccinate

opaganib

oseltamivir

OYA1

perfenidone

piclidenoson

polyinosinic polycytidylic acid and Vitamin C

RD-1AB

REGN 3048

REGN 3051

remdesivir

ribavirin

rintatolimod

ruxolitinib

saquinavir

sarilumab

spironolactone

suramin sodium

teicoplanin + Vitamin D

thalidomide

tocilizumab

tranillast

triazavirin

umifenovir

Supplements or biologicals (a small selection)

azithromycin

ebastine

heparin

hydrogen + oxygen

HzVSFs

IFN omega

interferon 2- beta

interferon alpha 2-b

interleukin-2

linezolid

moxifloxacin

nemonoxacin

Pluristem

rhG-CSF

Results of Arbidol and Kaletra trial in China disappointing:

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8253157/Coronavirus-hopes-dashed-trial-finds-promising-HIV-drug-little-effect-patients.html

Chloroquine also not looking good:

https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/hydroxychloroquine-for-covid-19-what-do-the-clinical-trials-tell-us/

So far so good for HzVSF from ImmuneMed:

http://www.koreabiomed.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=8047

Camostat mesylate covid-19 trial in Aarhus University:

https://www.en.auh.dk/press-room/news-archive/2020/the-first-patient-tests-new-drug-against-covid-19/

Latest trials as of a month ago (some of the comments are also interesting):

https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/03/24/the-latest-coronavirus-clinical-trials

Actemra (tocilizumab) and Kevzara (sarilumab) trials:

https://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/fda_approves_roches_actemra_covid-19_trial_1329887?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=2&

Preprint Several Engineering Methods to prevent outbreak and treatmen...

I note that in news from Iran, they have developed a respirator good for 50h use, based on ionisation. No mention of the details.

Genentech as a source of information in my earlier comment should be Geneng News.

1.The French have moved to limit nicotine patch sales after noting that fewer smokers contracted Covid-19. Use by non-smokers may cause side effects though. And it may be that it is the compounds in tobacco smoke which exert an effect, as well as the lung “environment“ of a smoker.

2. Is there also a split in infectivity for those already on HIV or other antiviral medication when they pick up Covid-19 virus?

3. Does Covid-19 quorum sense, ie. need a minimum number of particles to trigger disease in a person?

The WHO list of registered trials is rather tedious to look up. Here are the substance-related proposals in alpha order, with may be a few outside that category. There are about twenty traditional Chinese medicine proposals (not separately listed here), and some other natural extract proposals (also not separately listed). There are about thirty chloroquine (or OH-chl) proposals in all. The WHO database gives more detail but, it seems, no link to the originator.

WHO registered trials, involving drugs or preparations, to 24.4.20

(may be one or two other treatments)

25-hydroxy Vitamin D3

acalabrutinib

ACE2 receptor increasing medication

adalimumab

allogeneic HB MSCs

allogeneic human dental pulp (HDP)

amiodarone or verapanil

angiotensin-(1,2)

antiCD4 compassionate

antiGSM CSF

anti-IL6

asafoetida

ASC09+ ritonavir

atorvastin

aviptadil

bariticinib

berberine

bevacizumab

BLD-2660

bufonis venenum inj.

calcitonin with resp. multiplex PCR to reduce antibiotics

camostat + hydroxychloroquine

canakinumab subcut.

CAP-1002

CAStem

CD 24 Fc

Celebrex

chloroquine for post-exposure proph.

ciclesonide

clazakizumab vs IL-6

clevudine

CM4620 inj. emulsion

colchicine for complications

covid shedding in semen

crocetin

CSVP for residual lung damage

cyclosporin

cytosorb

cytosorb in crit.

dalargin in severe

danoprevir (Ganovo)

danoprevir sodium + ritonavir

danoprevir+ritonavir

daplagifozin for resp. failure

darunavir+ cobicistat

DAS-181

defibrotide

defibrotide for resp. distress

desferal

dexamethasone

dornase alpha aerosol

DPP4

ebastine

eculizumab (Soliris)

enapalumab + anakinra for inflamm.

enoxaparin sodium inj.

EPA-FFA

escin

favipiravir + tocilizumab

febuxostat

fluvoxamine

galdesivir

ganovo + ritonavir

gargling and nasal rinses

genetic nanocomposite drug

GN 5561 chloro analog vs nivolumab vs tocilizumab (IL6 receptor)

HA-330 haem perfusion

HCR-040 mesen. stem cells

hydrocortisone for severe hypoxia

hydrogen + oxygen generator

hydrogen peroxide 3% gargle

hydroxychloroquine low dose + bromhexine

hydroxychloroquine with Vit.C and Zn for prevention

hydroxychloroquine+azithromycin+tocilimumab

hyperbaric oxygen

IFN beta 1a vs 1b

IFX-1

INO -4800

IV alphalipoic acid

ivermectin + hydroxychloroquine

ixekizumab

leflunomide

lenzilumab

leronlimab for severe or crit.

levamisole + formoterole + budesonide

LIBA

LL-37 oral antipeptide

losartan

luvoxamine

LY3127804

mavrilimumab

meplazumab

mesenchymal cells

metformin

methylprednisolone

methylprednisolone in severe

microRNA 2911 inj.

minocycline

mycobacterium w for crit.

N-acetylcysteine

naproxen

nintidanibesilate for fibrosis in healed patients

nitazoxanide for post exposure prophylaxis

nitazoxanide vs hydroxychloroquine

nitazoxanide vs hydroxychloroquine antiGSM CSF

nitric oxide as proph.

NK cells

NO releasing solution

oseltamivir+favipiravir+ hydroxychloroquine

ozone

PD-1mAB

pegylated IFN lambda

PHR spray

plant extracts incl. traditional Chinese medicine, ipecac

povidine-iodine nasal spray

PP with HFNC

PUL-042 inhal. for severe

PVP-1 nasal spray

pyridostigmine in severe

quintuple therapy

reduning inj.

reduning inj.

rhACE2

rhIFN nasal drops as proph.

ritonavir + lopinavir + ribavirin + IFN beta

rSIFNco

ruxolitinib+ mesenchymal stem cells

sargramostim for acute hypoxia

sarilumab

selinexor oral

senicaporc -ICU

sevoflurane vs propofol for sedation

sildenafil

siltuximab

sirolimus

sodium aescinate

sofosbuvir+daclatasvir (Sovodac)

sofosbuvir+lediparvir

spironolactone

spironolactone

stromal cell

tacrolimus

TD-0903 inhal for ALI

teicoplanin

tetrandrine

TFF-2

tocilizumab + CRRT vs cytokines

tocilizumab + favipiravir

tocilizumab + IV IG +CRRT

traditipant

triazavirin

trifluoperazine

triiodothyronine for critical care

TXA

ultra shortwave electrotherapy

umifenovir

vazagepant intranasal with suppl. Oxygen

vitamin C

vitamin D

VPM 1002, improved BCG vaccine

Zinc high dose IV

One other drug has emerged from another WHO database. It is atazabavir, being used in the Iran University of Medical Sciences trial along with teicoplanin, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir.

Is selenium status a factor in Covid-19 infection?

See

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340996585_Association_between_regional_selenium_status_and_reported_outcome_of_COVID-19_cases_in_China

https://mbio.asm.org/content/4/6/e00869-13

Another angle:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340941588_A_systematic_review_of_Anakinra_Tocilizumab_Sarilumab_and_Siltuximab_for_coronavirus-related_infections

This paper has a useful table of some proposed therapies:

Article Frontier Therapeutics and Vaccine Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 ...

See

Preprint Current status on clinical trials and treatments for COVID-19

See

Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted

Nafamostat could be better than camostat.

See

https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/58915/nafamostat-inhibits-sars-cov-2-infection-preventing-covid-19-transmission/

Camostat trials

We await with interest the results of the trials by Dr Mads Kjolby and Dr Ole Sogaard in Aarhus, Dr Joseph Vinetz in Yale, Prof. Junichiro Inoue and Asst. Prof. Mizuki Yamamoto in Tokyo, and Dr Bobojon Nazarov in Oxford.

Another useful database:

https://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Covid19%20Tracker%20NEW4-9-20-2.pdf

BTW there are now 34 patients in the Danish camostat trial, which is being expanded to outpatients.

Naproxen is another possibility

See

Preprint Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of naproxen: from Influenz...

Here is a summary of potential drugs for treatment being considered in Australia as of May 1, by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care:

https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/Potential%20medicines%20to%20treat%20COVID-19%20%281%20May%202020%29.pdf

Another good table:

Article Potential Treatments for COVID-19; a Narrative Literature Review

Anakinra in use:

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-8298625/Arthritis-drug-improve-coronavirus-patients-experts-warn-effects-far-proven.html

Another list of trials up to May 8

https://www.ashp.org/-/media/assets/pharmacy-practice/resource-centers/Coronavirus/docs/ASHP-COVID-19-Evidence-Table.ashx?

Should we be keeping a new eye on rats, who reportedly have had to change habits due to lockdown?

See

https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?list=ASE&pid=csiro:EP176426&expert=false&sb=RECENT&n=7&rpp=10&page=35&tr=1443&dr=all&csiro.affiliation%7Ccsiro.projectBusinessUnit=50012450

Leaving the topic of drugs for a moment, some thoughts on the rat as a Covid -19 vector.

See this article from Stephen Kam-Cheung Ng from 2003 re SARS- CoV-1.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14121-9/fulltext

It also contains an interesting reference to Haijema et al from J.Virol. about switching species tropism, inducing infectivity of a virus in mice by genome change within a few hours.

Another suggestion:

Article Sitagliptin: a potential drug for the treatment of COVID-19?

The origins of covid-19 are of intense interest:

Here is a small selection of relevant references, one on bats, several on rats, and a couple of videos which suggest outdoor or semi-outdoor markets selling a variety of wild and fresh meats cannot be closed all that easily. Note that bamboo rats are now farmed. As to the references on rats, I hope a virologist can point to how much of a clue they might give us about rats as a possible SARS-CoV-2 vector.

CoV-2_contains_natural_insertions_at_the_S1S2_cleavage_site_of_the_spike_protein

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30669977

https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-01-30/Top-virus-carrying-wild-animals-that-might-appear-on-menus-NFMCQ20BdC/index.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXIe9u-i8JQ

h https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kfcJcLQj6M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiEDaiDdk68

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32342926

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32293832

https://www.jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/32235085/2216

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226286

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30791586

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186061

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29482919

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28549438

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463600

Sorry.

Correction to first reference in list just provided:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341287056_A_novel_bat_coronavirus_closely_related_to_SARS-CoV-2_contains_natural_insertions_at_the_S1S2_cleavage_site_of_the_spike_protein

Some current work on UVC sterilisation for viruses:

Article AlGaN Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on SiC Substrates

Some more papers on potential agents:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32251634/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232883/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362245/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32152082/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32374074/

The second link above suggests that rosmanol from rosemary may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (main protease), based on a bioinformatics molecular docking approach.

Two other compounds from Indian spices are also suggested.

Is there promise here?

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266380650_Chloroquine_Is_a_Zinc_Ionophore

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176

Interesting famotidine results in 1620 patients over 7 weeks.

Halving of need for intubation or halving of deaths.

See

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.20086694v1.full.pdf

A few more papers of interest, perhaps especially the one from 2015:

Interesting work done in 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16101496/

Interesting work from 2012:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22733076/

Ralph Baric’s work on bat to human corona in 2015:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151110115711.htm

Famotidine is thought to act by increasing endosomal pH.

The virus replication also involves protein folding, so is a prion-like mechanism an additional factor?

Predicting which other animals may host CoV-2:

It includes this:

“ Combining the results obtained by the two methods and considering the living animals, we predicted pangolin, cat, cow, buffalo, goat, sheep and pigeon as the potential intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2, together with civet or swine. These results may help the screening for the intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, contributing to the study of the viral transmission and disease control.”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156207/

This contains a useful list of possible treatments:

Article The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characte...

British trial candidates:

Medi3506, Calquence, zilucoplan, bemcentinib, and heparin are the treatments selected for trials in Britain. So possibly a few surprises there.

Chloroquine is dropped.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/01/uk-hospitals-trial-five-new-drugs-search-coronavirus-treatment

Predicting which other animals may host CoV-2:

It includes this:

“ Combining the results obtained by the two methods and considering the living animals, we predicted pangolin, cat, cow, buffalo, goat, sheep and pigeon as the potential intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2, together with civet or swine. These results may help the screening for the intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, contributing to the study of the viral transmission and disease control.”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156207/

Some may find the Chinese traditional medicine approach to Covid-19 interesting. The lectures can still be accessed outside the stated time.

 Invitation to Global Public Online Live Lectures on The Response to COVID-19 with TCM

The Battle against COVID-19 and Road to Recovery Chinese frontline experts sharing on TCM treatment for COVID-19

Session 1 Sponsors: World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies   CNKI Session 2 Sponsors: China Association of Chinese Medicine   CNKI Co-organizing Journals: 

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, World Chinese Medicine, Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Acupuncture Research

Dear Sir or Madam，

Greetings! I hope you and your family are keeping staying safe and healthy during these unsettling times.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to upend across the world, we understand that many are under stress due to its effects on the global economy and social order. COVID-19 knows no borders and it is worth for us to share the experience and learn the effective measures which have been taking in different countries when they responded to the COIVD-19. Over the past five months, same as other countries, China has been facing a big challenge against COVID-19 pandemic while it has been controlled pretty well so far. In response to the coronavirus in China, the treatment plans adopting traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have made great contributions and the results are surprisingly good. TCM treatment has a good effect on improving the overall condition of patients, relieving symptoms and shortening the course of the disease. Also, it has a wide and deep range of participation and gets a large amount of attention. The treatment of integrating Chinese and western medicine has played a key role in China' s COVID-19 prevention and control and made significant contributions to China' s initial victory against the pandemic.

To share the experience of using TCM against COVID-19 with people worldwide, CNKI joins hands with the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, China Association of Chinese Medicine and other professional associations to organize renowned TCM experts who have achieved remarkable results in the response to COVID-19 for live public lectures. By introducing the new progress in using TCM for COVID-19 treatment and road to rehabilitation, we hope to provide effective TCM experience and wisdom and help beat the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide.

Live lectures will be launched in succession from May 29 to June 30, 2020, each with 45 minutes of lecture and 15 minutes of interaction. Please follow us at CNKI' s overseas WeChat or Facebook account for the updated schedules. Medical professionals and TCM enthusiasts worldwide are sincerely invited to attend the lectures and participate in the discussion.

 Live website1: http://k.cnki.net/Theme/Index/23  Date：5/29-6/30 20:30-21:30（Beijing time）

CNKI Scientific and Technical Bilingual Publication Center CNKI International Publication Business Department

Russia adopts tweaked favipiravir:

https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/coronavirus-update-russia-to-roll-out-its-first-approved-covid-19-drug-next-week/story-9V422benmGih9byWzPoC1O.html

The question marks over the aggregated hydroxychloroquine data:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/covid-19-surgisphere-who-world-health-organization-hydroxychloroquine

China can’t really be accused of failing to advise other countries:

The covid-19 genome was first lodged with GISAID on Christmas Eve last year. See https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319 This is the Institute which lodged the genome last Christmas:

http://english.cams.cn/maps/207.html More on where transfer of virus information is facilitated rapidly, GISAID: See gisaid.org and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID

Another interesting possibility:

https://theconversation.com/om85-could-bacteria-in-a-capsule-protect-us-from-coronavirus-and-other-respiratory-infections-140064

The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characteristics, and Insights into Potential Drugs and Its Mechanisms

See this article

Two articles - closure of a Beijing market and activities at Fort Detrick, Md.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/14/WS5ee55ddca310834817252d75.html

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/14/WS5ee2b06aa31083481725275c.html

So now we have favipiravir recommended in India for low to moderate covid-19 and dexamethasone recommended in Australia for severe covid-19.

The results of the Danish camostat mesylate trial should only be a week away now.

See also re famotidine

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(20)34706-5/pdf

Positive rhesus test of remdesivir:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342045106_Clinical_benefit_of_remdesivir_in_rhesus_macaques_infected_with_SARS-CoV-2?_sg%5B0%5D=oJPmUruoVWPOfK6SMOJIOd1imWYDCpp2lZRlrklpKabVD96opEyoTGh68ixIzwQNKSc6A6m3kQzwkVeMnvgfcD53u6zt0GBdEVML_jstlg.8H3x5MPMAZqYhjqTQO9mSCAR9F__XdqDRbRXndf0MnlG_t5tXXWeJlguT8ezgew1l3U550SOReo0b70e-Ki5og&_sg%5B1%5D=aUvsO9MDEIm0brYRuVizAUE1k9wtaV1S8BEMcFAH_HFR4MD3ljXIMb3LJ93TXVdMFwfSe5ID0sYOUJOqHS1aik5O6LlnkMaVL4C230niAw.nPeQ3RDiC_Ddeh2XbtD0OVZIqc6IRQcopE7S9wMB_o6gM6SLv0JAOv7oJNHUQQuvTxhp2uPKsNCrL7mBC_q8Dg

Respirator (facemask) standards

📷 📷

MEDIA RELEASE

Urgent call for national register for respirators to protect

Australian and New Zealand workers

A coalition of workplace health and safety related organisations across Australia and New Zealand, and the ACTU called today for the urgent establishment of a register for approved respirators (aka face masks). The group describes the presence of non-compliant, fake and faulty disposable masks as an immediate threat to the health and safety of workers.

At the launch of the coalition’s new Guide to Buying P2, or Equivalent, Respirators for use in the Australian & New Zealand Work Environment, Andrew Orfanos, President of the Australian Institute of Occup ational Hygienists, said there was an immediate and urgent case for the Federal Government to intervene to protect Australians’ health.  

“The situation is out of hand. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, our market has been flooded with more than 100 million respirators of different types and standards, and amongst the suitable products are fake, faulty, counterfeit and sub-standard products. Australian businesses are rightly confused about which ones are suitable. They need to know what they’re buying, and the government needs to get a handle on this issue” he said. 

Mr Orfanos explained that the guide has been developed to help businesses navigate their way through what is a messy issue, before purchasing face masks. However, he warned “the Guide will help, but it’s not enough. We need national leadership. Fixing the problem is straightforward if the government chooses to act. We need a register and an approval process which is properly regulated” he said.

Naomi Kemp, Chair of the Australian Institute of Health & Safety also explained, “Most people make an assumption that if they find a face mask for sale in Australia, that it has been assessed and met a standard. This is not true. Too many groups are taking advantage of a voluntary system and creating confusion. This is bad for the genuine, reputable suppliers, it’s bad for the businesses that purchase the products, and it’s bad for the people who use them” she said. “Businesses need protection from the risks of using faulty equipment, and workers need protection for their health” she said.

Ms Kemp went on to say that the dangers of unapproved respirators extend beyond the risks of exposure to, and transmission of COVID-19. “We already had major problems with last season’s bushfires, and we are still seeing cases of black lung and silicosis which cause workplace deaths. With the flood of new products onto the market, we now have fake and non-conforming face masks potentially being misused in these environments as well.”

Liam O’Brien Assistant Secretary ACTU said “The pandemic has focussed attention on masks as an essential piece of protective equipment with huge potential to save lives and prevent transmission. However, it has also made clear that regulation of PPE is grossly inadequate to ensure that the masks that Australian workers are using are up to the task.”

“Australian workers, whether they need a mask to protect themselves from COVID-19 or other workplace hazards like silica dust, should be able to rely on a simple set of standards which make it clear which masks are safe to use. Without clear and simple regulation on this issue, Australian workers and the community at large will continue to be put at risk” he said.

📷

Guide to purchasing P2 and equivalent masks

Can be found here.

Contributing organisations and spokespersons:

The Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH)

The Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) was established in 1980 and is the largest organisation representing professionals working in occupational hygiene in Australia. Our mission is to promote healthy workplaces and protect the health of Australian workers through application of the knowledge, practice and standing of occupational health and occupational hygiene.

Spokesperson: Andrew Orfanos, President. PH:  0478303031 E: [email protected]

The Australian Institute of Health & Safety (AIHS)

The Australian Institute of Health and Safety is the national association for the health and safety profession, representing thousands of health and safety practitioners and professionals working throughout Australian industry to keep Australian business healthy, safe and productive.

Spokesperson: Naomi Kemp, Chairperson. PH: 0488 055 021 E: [email protected]

The Indoor Air Quality Association Australia (IAQAA)

Established in 1995, the Indoor Air Quality Association (IAQA) is dedicated to bringing practitioners together to prevent and solve indoor environmental problems for the benefit of consumers and the public.

Spokesperson: Dr Claire Bird, President. PH: 0431 988 035

The New Zealand Occupational Hygiene Society (NZOHS)

The New Zealand Occupational Hygiene Society is a network of occupational hygiene professionals who further the practice, professionalism and recognition of the industry in New Zealand.

Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU)

The Australian Council of Trade Unions is the peak body for Australian unions, made up of 38 affiliated unions who together represent about 1.8 million workers and their families.

Spokesperson: Liam O’Brien Deputy secretary

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