I would like to know whether B cell respond and bind to antigenic viral protein and further show through MHC which can produce different markers on each developmental stage of B and T cells?
The idea of infecting or stimulating viral proteins into the developmental stages of B and T cells involves manipulating the immune system to enhance its response to specific antigens. While this concept has been explored in various contexts, it's crucial to note that intentionally infecting cells with live viruses may raise ethical and safety concerns. However, there are alternative approaches, such as using viral proteins or mimics, that can stimulate B and T cell responses without the associated risks.
Research in this area primarily focuses on understanding the immune system's responses at different developmental stages of B and T cells. Let's break down the key components and explore relevant information:
Stimulation of B Cells:Antigen Recognition: B cells recognize antigens through their B cell receptors (BCRs). The BCRs specifically bind to antigens, leading to B cell activation. Antigen Presentation: Activated B cells process and present antigenic fragments on major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. MHC-II and Markers: MHC-II presentation by B cells can influence the immune response. Differentiation markers such as CD19, CD20, and CD22 are expressed at various stages of B cell development. References:Pulendran, B., & Ahmed, R. (2011). Immunological mechanisms of vaccination. Nature Immunology, 12(6), 509-517. Lanzavecchia, A., & Sallusto, F. (2001). Regulation of T cell immunity by dendritic cells. Cell, 106(3), 263-266.
Stimulation of T Cells:Antigen Presentation by APCs: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, process and present antigens on MHC molecules to activate T cells. Differentiation Markers: T cells express different surface markers during their development, such as CD4 and CD8. Helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) play distinct roles in the immune response. References: Janeway, C. A., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2001). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. Garland Science.
Companies and Research Initiatives: Companies and research institutions worldwide are engaged in studying immune responses and developing novel vaccines. Examples include Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech: These companies have developed mRNA vaccines, a cutting-edge technology that delivers viral protein instructions to cells, stimulating an immune response. Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca: These companies have developed viral vector-based vaccines, which use modified viruses to deliver antigenic material. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and World Health Organization (WHO): These organizations contribute significantly to global research on immunology and vaccine development. References:Moderna: Moderna. (n.d.). COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna. Pfizer-BioNTech: Pfizer-BioNTech. (n.d.). Comirnaty COVID-19 Vaccine. Johnson & Johnson: Johnson & Johnson. (n.d.). Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. AstraZeneca: AstraZeneca. (n.d.). COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca.
In conclusion, manipulating B and T cell responses through viral proteins is a complex area of research. While live virus infection may pose challenges, ongoing research by various companies and institutions focuses on safer methods, such as utilizing viral proteins or mimics, to elicit robust immune responses at different developmental stages of B and T cells.