I need to map the offshore wind potential along the Indian shoreline. Please suggest suitable ranges for wind potential such as low, medium, high with proper references if possible.
This is for US
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Wind power represents the fastest growing renewable energy resource worldwide and it is expected that this trend continue during the coming years. Offshore wind power grew at an even faster rate exclusively in the seas of Europe but still only represented 1.2% of the installed total worldwide. Offshore wind turbines are subject to several additional constraints when compared to onshore wind turbines: (1) the cost of mounting the turbine to the sea floor is expensive and limited currently to shallow water depths, (2) undersea electrical transmission cable per unit distance is more expensive than over headland based transmission lines, (3) offshore weather and wave conditions can cause installation delays as rented equipment is forced to sit idle, and (4) maintenance costs of offshore turbines are higher. Although offshore wind turbines can be more costly to install and operate, they offer several distinct advantages over counterparts: (1) in general, they can be installed closer to coastal urban load centers, where most electrical energy demand exists, (2) transmission constraints and congestion are eased because offshore wind farms can be built closer to load centers, (3) offshore winds are faster and more consistent at lower vertical heights due to the reduced surface roughness over the ocean, and (4) offshore turbines and components are not limited by roadway shipping constraints, so higher capacity turbines can be installed.
While onshore wind energy is a commercially viable choice for electricity generation, offshore wind turbines have the added constraint of being limited by the depth of water that the turbine can be installed in. In general, cost increases as the water depth increases.
The design of an offshore turbine foundation is a unique engineering problem for each specific wind farm, with loadings determined by winds, tides, and waves that are specific to that location in addition to geotechnical considerations. However, some generalizations can be drawn with respect to the foundation technology types used at different depths and the relative costs associated with these technologies.
Four general classes of offshore turbine foundations exist: gravity, monopile, multi-leg, tripod piled structures, tripod suction caisson structures and floating. In extremely shallow water (roughly 5 m depth) gravity foundations have been used. Monopile foundations can be placed in waters up to approximately 20-30 m depth. Multi-leg foundations designs that can be placed in waters up approximately 50 m depth have been successfully tested. Gravity Base Structures, for use at exposed sites in water 20– 80 m deep. Tripod piled structures, in water 20–80 metres deep. Tripod suction caisson structures, in water 20-80m deep. Floating turbine foundations are development for deeper water but still there are in the prototype stage, but will likely be developed in the coming years to unlock the vast deep water offshore wind resources around the world. These floating designs borrow heavily from existing oil and gas floating structure designs.
In 2009, the average nameplate capacity of an offshore wind turbine in Europe was about 3 MW, and the capacity of future turbines is expected to increase to 5 MW.
@Jorge:Thanks for that intricate information.But i need implicitly the ranges so as to plot the available information on a map.For eg i can have a map depicting percentage of days greater than 200W/m2.
Dear Sumeet,
You can use the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) Wind Power Classification. Areas are classified on the basis of wind power, ranging from 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest). Each class represents a range of wind power density (w/m2) and a range of equivalent mean wind speeds (m/s) at specified heights above the ground level. For example, at 10m a.g.l, an area can be considered as suitable for wind turbine applications from the range 4 with a mean wind speed >5.6m/s.
references for the PNL classification:
Elliott, D.L., C.G. Holladay, W.R. Barchet, H.P. Foote, and W.F. Sandusky. 1987. Wind energy resource atlas of the United States. PNL Report. DOE/CH10094-4. NTIS
Celik, A.N. 2007. A technico-economic analysis of wind energy in southern Turkey. International Journal of Green Energy 4(3):233–47.
Ilinca, A., McCarthy, E., Chaumel, J. L., & Rétiveau, J. L. (2003). Wind potential assessment of Quebec Province. Renewable energy, 28(12), 1881-1897.
Ouammi, A., Dagdougui, H., Sacile, R., & Mimet, A. (2010). Monthly and seasonal assessment of wind energy characteristics at four monitored locations in Liguria region (Italy). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(7), 1959-1968.
Good luck.
Article Wind potential assessment of Quebec Province
Dear Sumeet. For detail information on wind power see the publication "Wind in power
2013 European statistics"
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