In recent past many sporadic cases of P. vivax infection in duffy negative individuals have been reported. However by scientific fact, we have developed an understanding that vivax parasite can not infects to duffy negative individuals. Duffy receptor interact with parasite ligand (PvDBP protein) and mediates tight junction step of invasion process, which is irreversible process. So this indicates that P. vivax may has identified an alternate receptor that helps mediating essential tight-junction step of invasion process. It is interesting to know if human reticulocytes expresses receptor protein that can mimic function of Duffy receptor.
Dear Monyer Al-Fatlawi ,
Thanks for sharing your publication and indeed question is based on such types of publications being reported over a regular time interval.
Additional papers have reported the presence of P. vivax in Duffy-negative individuals. See the recent references in this 2019 publication on the occurrence of Plasmodium vivax in Africa.
Article Growing evidence of Plasmodium vivax across malaria-endemic Africa
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