Please take a look at this useful link.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0995-0

Sometimes yes. It depends on virus and vaccination conditions such using of vectors or adjuvants. Most of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines conatin S-protein only.

Spike protein is not the only Ag of the Covid 19. The researches are in progress to carry out serotyping of both structural proteins (like spike protein), and also nonstructural proteins of the viral strain. The specific serotyping, i.e. the Ag and its cognate Antibody interaction more over the assays will infer about the antigenicity of Antigens. Accordingly, the vaccine candidates will be selected.

In addition to this, some Pharmaceutical companies are considering RNA (the genome of the Virus) as a gene vaccine using recombinant DNA technologies etc.

Besides the fundamental role of spike (S) protein for the initiation of human cell infection (Penetration Stage) by COVID-19 (Spike to ACE2 interaction at the cell surface area), due to its glycoprotein structure, The S protein is most immunogenic antigen of this virus which immune response will be triggered properly against that and resulting antibody will have most effective neutralizing potential. According to these properties S protein is considered as mist effective vaccine candidate and is being used in many Sub-unit or Neucleic acid based vaccine platforms for COVID-19.

Hope it would be of help.

Mohammad Hossein Yazdi

Dr Smaranika Pattnaik

Denis Maksimov

thank you all very much your answers helped me a lot.@

Spike protein is a glycoprotein (COVID-19), which is very helpful and acts as a spear to get entry to the host cells. The immunity against spike protein is depends on its immunogenecity of that protein. If the protein is immunodominant then definitely the immune responses will be high. As it is a structural entity of the virus it will be a better target to consider for vaccine candidate. The use of specific adjuvants (co-immunization/conjugation) will enhance the immune responses of spike protein to maximum.

Spike protein is not the only antigen that could provide the neutralizing antibodies against virus. There are other proteins on the SARS-COV-2 virus, which could be neutralizing. However, spike protein, is the best and easy target for blocking entry of the virus into the cells.

Yes spike protein can provide protection after attaching on the mRNA and continue replication

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Please take a look at this useful link.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0995-0

Considering the fact that the virus infects the cell and multiplies because of the genetic instructions encoded in it's own RNA genome, it will be only sensible to create a subunit vaccine which will contain a part of the virus instead of the entire germ. Hence, the vaccine will contain only the essential antigens rather than all the molecules that make up the germ. So in the making of the mRNA vaccine, which is relatively new technology, it was discovered that creating the 3-dimensional shape of the spike alone not attached to the virus, was pretty hard cause it was just floppy and floaty and didn't look erect as is the one attached to the virus.

So the vaccine was made using the virus' mechanism against itself. What's their mechanism? When you get infected, they insert their own genetic information into you and then your cell machinery unwittingly starts taking that information and building proteins to create more viruses. That's it. So now, the mRNA vaccine injected subcutaneously into you also carries genetic instructions, but in this case it's only coding for one small part of the virus -the spike, instead of the whole thing. So as the vaccine makes it's way into your cell's cytoplasm, your ribosomes read the info and start to create the spike proteins. Once the protein is made, it goes to your cell membrane which contains lysosomes that break down and destroy the injected mRNA instructions, and dont forget that your t lymphocytes still create memory cells in the process and apart from the lysis of the instructions by lysosomes, the b lymphocytes release specific antibodies that fight the invader and there you have your immunity. Thank you.

Recent preparations of vaccine depends on the subunit for vaccine producton (Spikes) is the main unit which is responsible for pathogenicity for that reasons used for vaccine production.

The best vaccine is inactive viruse. By treatment of informed patients by the quan neutralisation method of Dr. Alfred Schneider you generate inactivated viru. Consequently the disease stoppes quickly and immunization occur.

Yes, spike can provide protection when used only as a vaccine.

Spike protein untill now not changed due variations(Amino acids)proteins which occurs in the world that is world lucky because we can use anti Covid_19 vaccine.This means that spike can used as a vaccine.(protective)Thanks.

Please i comment on that previously ,return to them.

Spike protein is the main target in the current range of viruses that have been developed.However in addition to S, there are also M membrane and E enveloped proteins in the virus envelope. They may also be useful in vaccines where antibody and T cell responses are important.