I modified PES membranes with nanoparticles (nanosilver, graphene, halloysite). They were used in UF for WWTP effluent treatment. After filtration, all membranes exhibited more negative zeta potential comparing with clean ones? Contact angle was lower for fouled membranes. As for example clean membrane 73 degrees and -30mV, fouled 56 degrees and -50mV.

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