No, this is no problem, given your primers are specific for the bacterial 16s rRNA.
They should not produce a PCR product when only human DNA is used as template; you can easily check this (run a PCR with only "sterile" human DNA as template). In the unexpected case that they will unfortunately give some product(s), this may interfere with the amplification of the specific bacterial target sequence.
In the worst case the bacterial target sequence might not be amplified up to detectable amounts, you the rate of false-negatives will increase. If false-negatives are not a concern, then you are save anyway. However, this relativates when you are doing a quantitative PCR. Here, the influence of the amplification of uncepcific products on the amplification efficiency of the specific product will make a reliable quantification impossible. Again it is sufficient to chek if there are any unspecific products occuring when only human DNA is used as template (if they occur only very late, after 35 and more cycles, even this may be neglected since it won't have any significant influence on the quantification based on ct values below 30).
In the very unexpected and unfortunate case that the primers give a product of a very similar length like the specific product, they won't be distinguishable in a standard (agarose) gel electrophoresis. This would produce false-positive results. In this case you should really design new primers. If you use a sequence-specific detection system (like real-time PCR with sequence-specific fluorescent probes or a Southern-blot) this is also not a problem.
Design very specific PCR Primer by taking help from available sequence information of human genome and particular bacteria (in which you are working). Perform alignment and search for binding of primer in human genome (You may need work on bioinformatics and sequence analysis so as to reduce any false positive)
Touch down PCR may further help in specific binding of primers to bacterial DNA.
human mitochondria have 12s and 16s rRNA molecule so I can't say that human cells may not hamper the amplification of bacterial 16s RNA.
I also suggest you to search for protocols for isolation and purification of bacterial DNA from clinical sample (Data mining and literature survey). Hope this may help you. At last, I wish you best of luck for your research.