In my point of view, (based on review of literature)  the western studies gives definition to the physical differences to male and female, like XX-means female and XY means male.  But in Tamil Literature gives definition to the human soul, the human soul has eight types of intention, among them four is male (sense, humbleness, following,-in tamil word, Arivu, nirai, orppu, kadaipidippu )  and four is female (shyness, ignorance, fear, attraction- in tamil word acham, madam, nanam, earppu), the physical difference only for reproductive purpose, but the human beings having male and female character.  Remain the human intention each and every human (male or female) has all the eight intention.  So, a man physical man but his intention may be female like shyness, fear etc.  

We can see the most of the women like as active as man (dg. Ex Minister Jayalalitha and Sasikala, both are not having female character both has male intention, not only that in ancient time Jancy Rani Lakshmi boi, and some thing like that)...in Tamil culture respect the women as god, given great opportunity to the women, among the world the tamil people given respect, equal to the women, so each and human have male and female intention,..(it is explained elaborate in Tamil Vedic Books not sanskrit in pure Tamil books) 

So, gender is based on their personal intention,  the physical appearance only for reproductive purpose. In my study I using the gender difference based on Tamil culture.  

In scientifically, in a male has X and Y choromosome, therefore a man has also woman character.

Hey,

I am a bit confused because Kaliyamoorthi Tamilselvi is talking about sex and gender as if it would be the same and the strict separation of sex and gender is rather no longer state of the art of modern gender or queer studies. Especially about the cultural frame I have no knowledge how to compare the definitions of sex and gender through the specifics but it seems like the eight types of intention depending on gender identity and can be represented diversely by the two sexes (female/male). For the start I would recommend you this book: Weekes, J. (1986) Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul). Just to understand like the basics of how culture influences sexuality or gender determination.

And you said something about symbolic interaction perspective this is according too Herbert Blumer, I guess. Furthermore, West and Zimmerman established the term of 'Doing Gender' (West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1991) ‘Doing Gender’, in Lorber, J. and Farrell, S. (eds) The Social Construction of Gender. London: Sage) which also combines some of your theories you mentioned. From here it is just a small step to Judith Butler and the book 'Excitable speech: a politics of the performative' and especially 'Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of 'sex'' which explains the cultural and social influences on bodies and the missing selectivity of sex/gender.

Also, the sexual script theory of John H. Gagnon and William Simon could be of interest for you too, because it depends on the symbolic interaction theory and it can be used for gender script explanations.

What you've asked for is very broad. Social control and learning theory is mainly used in criminology, and works to social assumptions in subgroups. As Ladwing mentions, there is a whole body of work around the social construction of gender and it's impacts. You don't say what population you are writing about, but may need to add multicultural approaches, since different cultures have different constructions of gender, and today, many major cities are multicultural, but social construction should be your starting point. Subculture like religions should definitely be integrated in, since it is so strong If you are looking at individual variables.you'll need to consider issues like sexual abuse, as precocious sexual behaviour is a known indicator of potential sexual abuse in a person's background. You should also consider ideas that see sexual behaviour as generally repressed, and see absence of sexual behaviour in adolescence as potentially as problematic as dysfunctional sexualisation leading to abusive outcomes.

 Thanks Kaliyamoorthi, Robin and Dede, 

I think I could not make my query clear. My query is, in order to understand the individual differences I am thinking to use social control and learning theories to see the individual differences based on some variables related to social control and leanings, using the quantitative method,

In order to understand the perspective of adolescents, I am thinking to symbolic interaction perspective (to understand the meaning and process involved), using an in-depth interview, qualitative method. My supervisor is suggesting me to see the gender differences and its reason also, using gender theory.  I am getting confusion which gender theory could be used and how I can I link up with my above  theoretical perspective. I would be very grateful, if any one can give us a genuine suggestion.

I'm uncertain what you are asking. Ladwig already pointed you to West and ZImmerman (1986) "Doing Gender" which is symbolic interactionist- based, Start from there to look for what you want.

Nentwich & Kelan's (2014) "Towards a Topology of ‘Doing Gender’:

An Analysis of Empirical Research and Its Challenges"

Gender, Work and Organization. Vol. 21 No. 2 March 2014

gives a good treatment of the use of "doing gender" in empirical studies.

Dear researcher 

I am doing research about Tamil People sexual behaviour, according to the various review that has totally different from English and Western culture. The western people are given priority to the physical activities but the Tamil people given importance to the mental behaviour, it is not a myth. The Tamil people's sexual behaviour mentioned in Tholkappiyam it is an oldest Tamil Grammer book, among the world other languages, are given grammar to the letters and words, but the Tamil Langauge grammar is only given grammar to life.  (Evidence from Porul Athigaram, Tholkappiyam)  

              In my point of view the Tamil people sexual behaviour is given safe, joyful, disciplined life to the human, it is a life discipline, not a Myth.  I have given some important points regarding that to explain.  Marriage is important event to the Tamil people. The Tamil principles of Tamil people is Justice, Wealth, Family life and Reach God. Theses are interlink with them. 

Eligibility of Marriage 

                       Male                                                                  Female

1. Birth (Pirappu)                                                         Birth (Pirappu)

2. Discipline of Family trait (Kudimai)                      Discipline of Family trait (Kudimai)

3. Manliness (Anmai) 

4.Age (Andu)                                                                Age (Andu)

5. -                                                                                 Beauty-Enjoying life (Uruvu)

6. -                                                                                Ideal Love-chastity (Kamavayil)

7. Patience-Humbleness (Nirai)                               -

8. Mercy-compassion (Arul)                                       -

9. Knowledge-understanding capacity (Unaravu) Knowledge-understanding                                                                                                     capacity (Unaravu)

10.Wealth (Tiru)                                                            Wealth (Tiru)

Principles/Ethics of Family Life:

          According to the Tamil grammar the family life has important ethics. In the couples should follow the ethics, they are 

·       Ethics of Conjugal life: First duty of couples is save the spouse, parents, and children, Helping to orphans, poor people, Five duties is remember the dead people, praise the super elder people, given response to the neighbours and relations, Sharing their money to others, Lovable mind is important to run family with honest, Ethical family life is greater than other way of life, Ethics based family is greater than a saint, Who is follow the ethics of life and who is lead others to follow the ethics he is best man, If the couples follow the ethics in their family life they will praised by the god.

·       Ethics of Better half (wife): woman should be who has the excellence of home virtues, and can expend within the means of her husband, is a help in the domestic state. If the wife be devoid of domestic excellence, whatever (other) greatness be possessed, the conjugal state, is nothing. If his wife be eminent (in virtue), what does (that man) not possess? If she be without excellence, what does (he) possess? What is more excellent than a wife, if she possess the stability of chastity? If she, who does not worship God, but who rising worships her husband, say, "let it rain," it will rain. She is a wife who unweariedly guards herself, takes care of her husband, and preserves an unsullied fame. What avails the guard of a prison? The chief guard of a woman is her chastity. If women shew reverence to their husbands, they will obtain great excellence in the world where the gods flourish. The man whose wife seeks not the praise (of chastity) cannot walk with lion-like stately step, before those who revile them. The excellence of a wife is the good of her husband; and good children are the jewels of that goodness.

·       Children: Among all the benefits that may be acquired, we know no greater benefit than the acquisition of intelligent children. The evils of the seven births shall not touch those who obtain children of a good disposition, free from vice. Men will call their sons their wealth, because it flows to them through the deeds which they (sons) perform on their behalf. The rice in which the little hand of their children has dabbled will be far sweeter (to the parent) than ambrosia. The touch of children gives pleasure to the body, and the hearing of their words, pleasure to the ear. The pipe is sweet, the lute is sweet, say those who have not heard the prattle of their own children. The benefit which a father should confer on his son is to give him precedence in the assembly of the learned. That their children should possess knowledge is more pleasing to all men of this great earth than to themselves. The mother who hears her son called "a wise man" will rejoice more than she did at his birth. (So to act) that it may be said "by what great penance did his father beget him," is the benefit which a son should render to his father.

·         Love and Affection: Is there any fastening that can shut in love? Tears of the affectionate will publish the love that is within. Those who are destitute of love appropriate all they have to themselves; but those who possess love consider even their bones to belong to others. They say that the union of soul and body in man is the fruit of the union of love and virtue (in a former birth). Love begets desire: and that (desire) begets the immeasurable excellence of friendship. They say that the felicity which those who, after enjoying the pleasure (of the conjugal state) in this world, obtain in heaven are the result of their domestic state imbued with love. The ignorant say that love is an ally to virtue only, but it is also a help to get out of vice. Virtue will burn up the soul which is without love, even as the sun burns up the creature which is without bone, i.e. worms. The domestic state of that man whose mind is without love is like the flourishing of a withered tree upon the parched desert. Of what avail are all the external members (of the body) to those who are destitute of love, the internal member. That body alone which is inspired with love contains a living soul: if void of it, (the body) is bone overlaid with skin.

Other Ethics: Should exercise the benevolence of hospitality, Humility and sweetness of speech, thanks attitude, integrity, obedience, should follow moral, the other spouse’s wrong with wanting, Should keep impatiently, envy, avoid angry, should avoid bad opinion in behind about others, Avoid useless words, Fear of evil action, helping to others, donation, repute.

Sexual Ethics/Moral:

          According to the Tamil culture sexual Ethics/Moral:

·       Avoid premarital physical/vaginal intercourse.

·       Lovers should get marry by the elder’s acceptances within three months.

·       Physical touch/Vaginal intercourse should be after marriage.

·       One geographical region people should avoid marries with the other geographical region.

·       Couples should keep love entire life.

·       Women should keep chastity entire life.

·       Man should avoid sex with others’ wife.

·       People should follow eligibility to get marry. 

Sexual Immoral:

According to the Tamil Culture followings are treated as Immoral/Lust/Inordinate passion.

·       One side love (Kaikillai) and unequal sexual affection (perunthinai) all are consider as Inordinate Passion/Lust. 

·       Openly talk about genital organs in indecent words.

·       Openly talk/write/show symbol about sexual physical intercourse.  

·       Premarital Physical intercourse (vaginal intercourse).

·       Masturbation.

·       Prostitution.

·       Homosexual behaviour.

·       Forced to love/marriage/physical intercourse.

Linkage of Sexuality:

          According to the Tamil literature sexual behaviour is linking with health and social science. Human is a social animal. A man cannot live with alone without others help. Every person being three lives, one is personal life, second official life and third is social life. All the three lives has interlink with each other, if have a problems in a life automatically affect other life.  These three lives determined by the sexual behaviour. Sexual behaviour is lead to marriage, child bearing, family life, health and social life.

Sexuality and Health:

          Tamil Siddhagarl classified the physical diseases in 4448 types. Disease caused by the pathogen. Intestinal worm can lead to disease. Intestinal worm occur by the stomach diseases and bad food items. Intestinal worm have different kinds, they are flower dragon, float worm, hook worm, the worm fine, white worm, refined tiger worm, lettuce worm, the worm pregnancy etc.  Those worms are formation in urine, blood, semen, pus, mucus, and sweat. The symptoms of intestinal worm caused disease appear in exterior body, they are, body skin colour change, fever, stomach pain, chest diseases, white disease, vomit, cough, digestive problems, diarrhoea, high spittle in mouth, Thorpe rolled in pain, bloating, sleep bruxism, night blindness, sore nose,  motion problems and hysterically. The intestinal worm diseases are haemorrhoids, psoriasis, hair fall, leprosy, scurvy etc. those are all diseases occurred by the high body heat. The high body heat due to the sexual intercourse. The sexual intercourse means not only vaginal intercourse, also sexual affection, masturbation, oral, anal sex, etc. any type of sexual behaviour lead to the high temperature. Thereby the mind intention is given repeated thinking of sexual desire is lead to bad imagine, the bad imagine is lead to the behaviour, the behaviour is affect mental and physical affect. Not only that the behaviour is affect the others day to today usual behaviour.

That is the more sexual intercourse (any type of behaviour) creates high temperature to the body, that temperature will attack the muscles, and colostrum, and creates Germs. Those germs pierce the body and spread over the body and caused Cockroach Poisonous, this is given itching to the genital and all the body. The anal sex is very dangerous because the stench of feces, urine, blood, semen, Pus, mucus, sweat all are forming the germs (Thirumoolar).   

Through the Speed, heat, longing of money, house, etc. thus physically, mentally tired and the world life having 200 sads are reason for Eye disease (96 type of disease). The general natural by birth of expedition has 14 type of natural disease they are Respiration, hiccup, sneezing, coughing, yawning, hunger, thirst, urine, feces, ilaippu, tears, semen, sleep, downward trend of gas. Those are all the basic of all the diseases. Who is does not have this he is God.

          Most of the diseases come from sexual behaviour, mainly the sexual behaviour is affect the Eyes, Physical health (Thirukurkal), increase body temperature (Thirumanthiram), reduce the human life span (Emapadr Adipadu Kodayithd Koor), destruct human beauty (Art of Life, Meyvazhi Dhavakudi Anandhar). Sexual behaviour is given mental and physical problems. According to Tamil Siddhargal (Eighteen Siddhargal) the coupious sexual intercourse create more problems to the body.

            Human body will be affect by the 4448 types of disease. They are appearing entire body. Some disease will be occurring in particular parts of human body like eyes, nose, ear, mouth etc. and overall body 3100 types of disease will be occurring.

The copious sexual intercourse creates more problems to the body (18 Siddhargal Literatures). That is the more sexual intercourse creates high temperature to the body, that temperatures attract the muscles, and colostrum, and creates Germs. Those germs pierce the body and spread over the body and caused Cockroach Poisonous, this is given itching to the genital and all the body. When a male or female feel the sex feeling their eyes will burning, white discharge occur, body pain, hip pain, tiredness, confusion, thinking power all the problems will occur.       

Sexuality and Life span:

          Tamil vedams advices to the human for limit sexual behaviour. Vadalur Ramalinga Adigalar (Vallalar) was told sexual vaginal intercourse should be one time within three months with the couples.  Thirumoolar (Thirumoolar, Thirumandhiram, A.D. 3000) was calculated the human’s breathings per minute, on hour and a day. According to the calculation in a day man breaths 21,600 times and an hour 900 times. This breathing of time will be reduce the Human life span will be expand.

·       If a man breaths 18 times in a minute his life span expand to 83 1/3 years,

·       If a man breaths 2 times in a minute his life span expand to 750 years

·       If a man breaths 1 times in a minute his life span expand to 1500 years

·       If a man breaths 0 times in a minute his life span expand to numerous years,

Human breath is closely link with the sexual behaviour. If a man mind being ordinarily his breath 8 inches went to inside and 12 inches going outside, so 8 inches benefit and 4 inches loses, If a man when sleep his breath 12 inches went to inside and 24 inches went to outside, so 12 inches benefit and 12 inches loses, if a man actively sexual intercourse his breath 24 inches went to inside and 64 inches went to outside, so 24 inches benefit and 40 inches loses. If a man breaths will went to outside more than 64 inches will occur death. The benefit means man’s life span expands and loses means man’s life span reduces. The speciality of soul is the human mind cannot assume the speciality of human soul, if a man living for more than 100 years, that physical never has bad smell, but if he dead within one or two hours that dead body goes to bad smell, in this world the soul is great fragrance than other things, when a man ejaculation push his semen (soul deep breath liquid) in the speed of his breaths 64 inches, this measure is full measure of human soul, at time the soul is pull of his breath inside of body in 24 inches, it will arrest his death. So each and every ejaculation leads to gradually death of human. It is all (world) the Religions thought (Meyvazhi Salai Andavargal, 1928).

Sexuality and Happiness:

          This world life appears as eternity, if we think it not, heavy terrible, permanent sad full life, but the God creates the human for what? Is he beings as sad? No, God never wants man sad. The god creates a man for overcome the terrible, and reach eternity life, that life possible only with the human body. The human body is important to enjoy eternity life, human body is shirt to the soul, the human soul is enjoy the any feeling, if the soul less body (dead body) never feel, so what is given happiness, and what is given sad ness? Is the sex is given happiness; never sex is given problems to the human. But sex less love is given joy full life to the man. So the Tamil people given importance to the soul and invisible feelings, sense, intention etc. because, they believe soul is life, soul is activate the body, good things is food to soul and bad things is poisons to the soul, good things is develop the soul and bad things is destruct the human soul.  According to the grammar of life (Porul athigaram, Tholkappiyam) bad words, intercourse related writings are consider as immoral because it will create bad intention to the human mind. E.g. Reproductive organs open picture or intercourse picture is given bad intention to the viewers, if the viewers beings as adolescent age, his/her mind observe that incident, and that is visualise in his/her mind for 90 minutes, if he look like the others women/men he/she will image as the video, so this type of Videos change the human mind. But it is not happy; because the bad thinking is affect his eyes, nerves system, urine and motion system. They cannot passed urine and motion because the urine and motion push the inner genital organs that will give stimulate the nerves and get some vibration, this change  make difficult to the body, this habit will continue body will gets over heat the heat will gives disease. So the sexual intention is create ill health.                          

Sexuality and Family Life:

          Sexual behaviour is leads to the marriage and family life. Who has followed secret sexual discipline their life would save from the unwanted problems like pregnancy and sexual issues. The family life is gives safety to the children, elders and couples. The couples became as father and mother, the disciplined parents gives better life to their children, the son and daughter save their parents during aged period. The post marital sexual discipline will gives good life to the couples and children.

Sexuality and Globalisation/modernization:

          The system of globalisation and modernization, make great changes in sexuality. Globalisations are merging all over the world culture and civilization and make one culture. But the current globalisation system is reflecting the English and Western countries culture, they believe visible things is permanent, their science is believe eyes visual, but they don’t believe invisible intention, the science cannot show the intention but the intention is activate everything, so they believe and gives importance to the goods, money, buildings, production, industry, etc. but they not worried about the future life, their thought is to day life, how to full fill to day needs, they given importance to the business, increase sales, develop advertisement, they don’t worried about the economically backward people, they don’t have any restriction to their mind, their behaviour like as animals, they don’t have any ambition their life, they don’t believe is the life after death, so they destruct the natural resource rapidly, they are using unrenewable resource rapidly, they don’t worried about the destruction of nature, it is like as cruel mind. They believe if they dead after then nothing to life, they believe life is one day end as in death, so they gives importance to materials things, so they lose their feeling in five sense, so they are opened their physical body, they show openly their intercourse methods, they are stimulate the reproductive organs vigorously to get orgasm, orgasm is nothing but given tension to 8,000 sensory nerve, (wiki. Main Article: Orgasm & Theoretical biological and evolutionary functions), they are felt that is happy, but that is very dangerous to the health, if given tension to the overall nerves system, it will gives more problems to the body, like body pain, eyes problems, tiredness, etc. but they teach how to get orgasm, that means how dead slowly, the foreigners thoughts of sexuality absolutely wrong, they will gives importance to the individual life/selfish.    

But the Tamil people given most importance to the human life, they believe death means entrance of the next peaceful, soul life (jeeva vazhkkai), the soul never destroy, human body will destroy, but the soul ever being, so they are given importance to the universal ideal love, they thought each and every soul is ours, so they feel sexual enjoyment through five sense like seeing, talking, etc. they has sensitively body nature, so they enjoy sensual even as looking eyes. The Tamil people traditional life customs will give safe diseases free life.  

The globalisation is permitting to sell English and Western people’s products even they are selling their sexual intercourse method of videos and their products. In this situation, more chances to the Tamil Nadu will lose their language, culture, customs, values and sense. (I think it is enough explain the Tamil People sexual behaviour)

I would suggest looking at some Dark Triad (Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, & Narcissism) publications.  (Secondary) Psychopathy in particular has been associated with risk taking behaviours including sexually promiscuous activity.  Please see attached a poster of some research I have conducted - keep an eye out on some publications of mine which may be published soon (they are under review/in preparation/in submission) and also some attached literature from colleagues and supervisors of mine.  Would be happy to discuss further - and would be interested in reading your results.

Poster Better the devil you know: Evidence for an assortative matin...

Article Dark traits: Sometimes hot, and sometimes not? Female prefer...

Article The ultimate femme fatale? Narcissism predicts serious and a...

Article Machiavellianism, Pretending Orgasm, and Sexual Intimacy.

Thanks Sergio A. Silverio, Kaliya Madam, Dede and Robin,

1.    Research questions

The main purpose of this study is to understanding the pattern and process of changes in premarital sexual behaviour among adolescents in the changing context of Nepalese society. More specifically, it will focus on answering the following research questions:

·       What are the prevailing practices around premarital sexual behavior by age, sex and place of residence (urban/rural)?

·       What are the underlying intermediate and structural determinants of changes in premarital sexual behavior?

·       How do adolescents and other key social agents perceive premarital sexual behavior (risk taking, pleasure, good, bad, etc.)?

·       How do adolescents make negotiations and decision around premarital sexual behavior (voluntarily, involuntarily, forcedly etc.)?

Am thinking to conduct the study in two phases employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, so it employs a mixed method.  The first phase, will focus on quantitative study, two answer first two questions . This phase will focus on describing the prevalence of premarital sex, and the strength and direction of influence of selected factors drawn from the literature. This will be undertaken using secondary data from the National Survey.

The second phase will focus on answering that what are the reasons behind the individual and genders differences in premarital sexual behaviour, how do adolescents and other key social agents perceive premarital sex, and how do they involve in negotiating decision around premarital sex. This will be undertaken through the qualitative study, which comprises in-depth interviews (if anay one can help me toa have ethical protocol and the questionnaire, please)  with adolescents and focus group discussions with adolescents and influencers.

All theories agree that the sexual behaviour is not innate but socially constructed, however through different mechanism. Thus, focusing on only one factor is unlikely to explain much about the premarital sexual behaviour. Similarly, the review of theories of premarital sex have revealed a piecemeal theoretical statements and inconsistent empirical support for them. There is a paucity of well-developed comprehensive theories to describe, explain, or predict premarital sexual behaviour among adolescents. I am thinking to use social determinants of health  (purposed by WHO) as an overarching theoretical framework expecting that this will help to understand several dimensions highlighted by other theories, as well as structural dimensions. Integration of multiple dimensions will present more powerful multifaceted explanation of premarital sexual behaviour than any one theory in the context of Nepal, where there is scarce of information in this issue.

Is there any studies which have used this framework relevant fro my studies.  

Currently going in the process, after submission the report to my Humanities & Social Science Department, IITM, Chennai then I will  post the appropriate gender theory and perspectives for premarital sexual behavior