Exosomes are microvesicles formed through the inward budding of a late endosome. They contain proteins, growth factors, and nucleic acids (such as DNA, mRNA, and miRNA). They have neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects and may improve functional recovery in spinal cord injury (Afsane Soleimani).

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are present in adult bone marrow and can differentiate into different cell types under appropriate conditions. Studies have shown that MSCs have a protective effect in humans against the progressive loss of dopaminergic system and striatal neurons. Stemberger et al. confirmed the neuroprotective effects of MSCs in a transgenic mouse model of MSA. Clinically, MSC cell therapy is advantageous because MSCs can be easily obtained from the patient's own cells, expanded in culture, and then reintroduced into the patient without ethical concerns.

One study found that autologous MSC injection could delay the progression of neurological deficits with clinical safety in MSA.

The Nerve Repair Guidelines of Tsinghua University in China allow the use of the following two groups of stem cells for clinical trials:

a) immature or mature neural cells

or their supporting cells, some of which are still capable of proliferating (including neural progenitors).

or progenitor cells, olfactory bulb cells, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes,

and neurons)

b) stromal cells (including bone marrow, umbilical cord or peripheral blood), blood mononuclear cells, umbilical cord stromal cells and adipose stromal cells.

Another product of the stem cell bank is exosomes, which are used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The vesicles released from stem cells are called exosomes. Exosomes contain cell growth factors, proteins, broken nucleic acids, microRNAs, and messenger RNAs that help regenerate neurons. Of the types of stem cells (mesenchymal, bone marrow, embryonic, umbilical cord, etc.), the best type for treating neurological diseases is neural stem cells (NSCs), which have been effective in repairing brain damage and Parkinson's. It has also been shown that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can better develop into neural cells because both originate from the neural crest of the embryonic ectoderm.