In practice, the best way to handle ESG risks in emerging markets is to do strong upfront ESG checks and then layer protections like guarantees, political-risk insurance, and independent monitoring, so you’re covered if policies shift or credit risks pop up.

Ali Amini Thank you for your insights — I fully agree with your point on multilayer protection measures. Especially in emerging markets, policy and credit uncertainty remains a significant concern. From my experience, in addition to ESG due diligence, guarantees, and political risk insurance, embedding performance-linked covenants (e.g., ESG KPI triggers) and involving multilateral development banks or export credit agencies can further enhance risk mitigation. Continuous disclosure and third-party verification also help build investor confidence.