The value of the scanning electron microscope in the study of plant materials is discussed. Applications to wood structure, epidermal features, algae and fungi, soil micro-organisms, seeds and fruits, pollen and spores and palaeobotany are reviewed. The importance of scanning electron micrographs as a means of illustration is stressed and it is suggested that these should supplement conventional taxonomic descriptions. The concept of the microhabitat provided by fruit surfaces is discussed and the term carposphere is proposed for this purpose. New developments are outlined and there is an extensive review of relevant literature.