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ph is essential for survival of bacteria and virus highly acid Ph or Highly alkali ph

lead to kill beneficial bacteria which essential to degrade the litter to beneficial material like vitamins and hormone like material litter at optimum Ph ( 6.5-7.5 ) could supply the birds with heat, vitamins and hormone like substance increase body weight

however highly alkali ph produce ammonia which affect the performance of birds

and respiratory system and immune respond

best wishes

osama zahran

Cairo university

Vet Med.

Hygiene and management Department

The factors that play an essential role in NH3 volatilization are litter pH in that NH3 generation tends to increase with pH . Thus, efficient strategies to lower NH3 loss can well be adopted to improve in the value of broiler litter as a fertilizer, as well as for positive environmental and economic effects.

Thank you for your answers, I am so grateful. I just have another confusion about relation between total nitrogen mesured from samples of litter and ammonia NH3. Is there a correlation? Considering that I mesured total nitrogen in litter during the trial.

Poultry manure composed of high amount total nitrogen due to type poultry feed that offer to the chicks and kindy function in poultry they secrate only urate not urine which contain no water or low water cotaint urine in poultry in form of urate (high nitrogen ) not like mammals bacteria chane these high nitrogen manur to amonia

Increased ammonia increases the acidic pH levels. These causes a burning sensation in a broiler farm leading to low feed intake. Increased ammonia build up can cause mortality with increased temperature especially in tropical countries.

Minors thing play a great role and have a key impact; first and formost is types of litter wether is it rice husk, saw dust or other then the depth of litter on floor has an important role it ranges from 3 to 5 inches higher the depth higher the production of ammonia, then humidity percentage has a role higher humidity cause mycosis and food pad problems as well as tibiotarsus problems, tendon disease and lower humidity cause dry litter which lead to respiratory problems. Moreover, spade of litter is important because it releases extra ammonia that was expelled by exhaust fans.. so litter play a vitol role in growth and development of broiler chicken.

High substrate moisture associated with high temperature and pH (alkalinity) causes microbes to grow. In such conditions, influenza, laryngotracheitis, dermatitis, rhovovirus, botulism, bronchitis, coccidiosis and other bacterial, viral and fungal diseases are common. Breasts, skin scratches, bruising of the meat, the appearance of stains on the meat (which can cause poor quality) (and unpleasant odor are also effects of wet bedding). High moisture content is also a major contributor to ammonia release, which is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the performance of chickens. Some manufacturers have underestimated the problem of ammonia, but keep in mind that increasing ammonia can make chickens nervous, increase friction, fill them up, weaken the immune system and thus be prone to getting involved with respiratory diseases. Ammonia at a concentration of 25ppm slows the growth and increases the feed conversion ratio, as well as inflammation of the airbag and viral infections and even death. Ammonia evaporation from the substrate causes air pollution and on the other hand, the economic value of the fertilizer is reduced due to the lower nitrogen content of the substrate. The first step to prevent ammonia problems from controlling bed moisture is by:

Use lounges proportional to their capacity as high densities in small lounges increase the moisture content of the bed. Use a minimum of ventilation in the farm from the first few weeks so that the minimum amount of ventilation and outflow of gases and humidity is not properly maintained. Use rotary fans to circulate warm indoor air that helps dry the bed. These fans are installed under the roof and circulate warm air near the ceiling in the salon, reducing the moisture content of the bed. 2- Use of negative pressure ventilation system to allow fresh air to enter the air. 2- Because warm air has the ability to maintain high humidity, the combination of heat and ventilation eliminates a considerable amount of moisture in the room. For this reason, if the ventilation system is adequate, there should be no fear of an increase in room temperature. 7. Controlling and Managing Drinkers System It is recommended to use a strong and effective detergent to prevent leakage, adjust their height and water pressure, in proportion to the growth of chickens and prevent biofilm formation in the beverage system. 3. If the bed is wet, replace it immediately. 2. Parts of the substrate that are densified should be replaced because these areas contain high moisture and fertilizer and increase the amount of ammonia if left in the farm.

Moisture content , texture and pH of litter material are quality indices that will determine the suitability of such materials for chicken litter. Diseases such as coccidiosis, foot pad dermatitis, E.coli can be severe with chicks housed on poor litter materials.