Hi , i mention you here some benefit of chloroplast
In most angiosperm plant species, plastid genes are inherited uniparentally in a strictly maternal fashion [1,2]. Even though transgenic chloroplasts might be present in pollen, plastid DNA is eliminated from the male germ line at different points during sperm cell development, depending upon the plant species [1]. This minimizes the possibility of outcrossing transgenes to related weeds or crops [3,4] and reduces the potential toxicity of transgenic pollen to non-target insects [5]. Thus, maternal inheritance offers containment of chloroplast transgenes as a result of the lack of gene flow through pollen [3,4].
Another advantage of plastid transformation is the ability to accumulate in the chloroplast any foreign proteins or their biosynthetic products that could be harmful if they were in the cytoplasm [6]. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a candidate oral subunit vaccine for cholera, was non-toxic when accumulated in large quantities within transgenic plastids yet was toxic when expressed in leaves via the nuclear genome, even at very low levels [7,8]. Similarly, trehalose, a pharmaceutical industry preservative, was very toxic when it accumulated in the cytosol but was non-toxic when it was compartmentalized within plastids [9]. Hyper-expression of the industrially important enzyme xylanase in the chloroplast did not cause cell wall degradation and plant growth was not affected, unlike expression of xylanase in nuclear transformants [10].
Additionally, site-specific transgene integration into spacer regions of the chloroplast genome eliminates concerns of position effects that are frequently observed in nuclear transgenic plants. All chloroplast transgenic lines express the same level of foreign protein, within the range of physiological variations [7]. Site-specific integration also eliminates the introduction of vector sequences, which are potential concerns in nuclear transformation [11]. Foreign transcripts do not silence genes in chloroplast transgenic lines despite their accumulation at a level 169 times higher than nuclear transgenic plants [9,12]. Similarly, despite the accumulation of over 46% foreign protein in leaves of chloroplast transgenic lines [5], no post-transcriptional gene silencing has been observed.
also you can read this:- Chloroplast DNA: A Promising Source of Information for Plant Phylogeny and Traceability
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/chloroplast-dna-a-promising-source-of-information-for-plant-phylogeny-and-traceability-sBtp.pdf
good luck
Hello, Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems.
All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market.
I could think about at least two advantages:
1. Transgenic gene inserted in chloroplast geneome can remain in that plant, without causing transgene escape into environment through 'gene flow', as mentioned in Ahmed Housanie Elsappah's post.
2. There are many copies of chloroplasts in a cell. Therefore, if the transgene is used for recombinant protein production; in theory, transgene inserted in chloroplasts can produce much more product than transgene integrated in the chromosomes.
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