Recently I have read a lot of papers referring to the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd (or other heavy metals) in different plant organs to identify the sepcific phytotoxicity of Cd. Most of them used the different centrifugation method, by which the plant samples are homogenized with a mixture of solutions and centrifugated in different rpm and time. However, I am still confused about the principle of methods. How can the three subcellular fractions (cell wall, organalle, and soluble fraction) be seperated by centrifugation with different rpm and time? On what basis can this happen? Hope somebody can answer me. Thank you.