Well, the bland answer is: it depends upon the nanoparticles you use. Depending on the size and composition the results will vary from "no effect whatsoever" over "interesting modification" to "complete destruction".

You'll have to search for more specific effects and reduce the group of nanoparticles if you want an answer coming close to being concise.

The effect of nanoparticles in plants is very diverse, and it depends on various parameters. like which nanoparticles we would use, also in which plant we are going to experiment with nanoparticles, and how we expose nanoparticles to the plant.

nanotechnology particles hold promise for improving plant growth and agricultural sustainability through enhanced nutrient use and microbial management, their phytotoxicity at higher concentrations and potential environmental risks must be carefully managed through controlled application and ongoing safety assessment

Basmala A Mahmoud

With the help of our works you can get a more specific answer to your question.

1. Plants themselves can synthesize nanoparticles. Therefore, it is possible to grow renewable electrodes for electrochemical cells. See our patent.

Patent Mirgorod Yu.A. Photoelectrochemical cell.

Metal nanoparticles are used as microfertilizers, treating plant seeds with an aqueous suspension or spraying them for feeding.

Conference Paper S. N. Maslobrod, Yy. A. Mirgorod, G. A. Lupashku, N. A. Bors...

Conference Paper T. Sirbu, S. N. Maslobrod, Yu. A. Mirgorod, V. G. Borodina, ...

Nano-fertilizers enhance nutrient uptake by plants. Nano-pesticides act precisely, reducing environmental harm.

Certain nanoparticles (e.g., ZnO, TiO₂) promote germination, root/shoot development, and photosynthesis. Also nanoparticales can carry drugs directly to diseased cells (e.g., cancer). NPs used in MRI, CT scans, and biosensors to improved imaging and diagnostics furthermore NPs can safely deliver genetic material into human cells.Nano-filters and materials like nano-silver and iron oxide remove contaminants. And certain NPs break down harmful chemicals and heavy metals in soil and water.

The properties of particles can be tailored at nano-scales by changing their dimensions . After tailoring these properties , its surface area changes per unit volume, these properties can then be studied . This changing mechanism can then be applied for various technologies such as gas sensors ( H2) , CO2 reduction, production of renewable Hydrogen gas by PEC Water splitting.

secondly, nano particles of different compounds can be mixed so that their properties changes to suit one application.