News articles about that.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/wios-boa032408.php
http://www.nature.com/news/1998/030728/full/news030728-7.html
Regards,
Joachim (not an expert)
Two Ways: 1. Random mutagenesis, which involves introducing mutations at random places and selecting the mutant which enhanced the activity. This is either practiced using:
a. Chemical mutagens such as HNO2, NaHSO3, NH2OH, or
b. PCR based - Gene shuffling
2. Rational mutagenesis, which involves introducing a mutation at a specific site, which has been rationally identified to enhance the activity upon mutation. This can be achieved either by:
a. Site directed mutagenesis - introducing a point mutation , or
b. Domain Swapping: by moving entire domain.
Santosh.
Directed Evolution is very complex and many techniques were used, and it is not easy to just list them here shortly. Basically you need a mutagenesis technique and afterwards an assay to identify your desired variant. Enzyme production and cloning methods are also involved.
- mutagenesis, random: many techniques: most popular epPCR and uncountable derivates, shuffling and again uncountable derivates
- screening / selection: always a new methods has to be designed, depending on the enzyme activity and task
You can check a lot of very nice papers form the groups of Frances Arnold, Manfred Reetz & Karl E. Jäger, Uwe Bornscheuer and many many more.
Here are some new articles of my old group:
Bornscheuer, U.T. (2013), Protein engineering as a tool for the development of novel bioproduction systems, Adv. Biochem. Eng. / Biotechnol.,
Davids, T., Schmidt, M., Böttcher, D., Bornscheuer, U.T. (2013) Strategies for the discovery and engineering of enzymes for Biocatalysis, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.,17, 215-220
Bornscheuer, U.T., Huisman, G., Kazlauskas, R.J., Lutz, S., Moore, J., Robins, K. (2012) Engineering the third wave in biocatalysis, Nature, 485, 185-194
If you need more information, please come back to me, Marlen
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