Could you please suggest me whether will it suitable to perform after deposition treatment for CdS deposited layer before consider next layer (probably CdTe) and if so, what are the possible after deposition treatments for CdS deposited FTO glass by thermal evaporation to increase the efficiency and which will be the best?
I think the experience gained from a laboratory can be useful as a guidelines for other laboratories as the properties of the deposited layers depends largely not only on the deposition parameters such as deposition temperature and rate but also on the properties of the surface of the substrate material which may change in a large margin.
The post treatment is required to enhance the chemical bonding between the substrate and the deposited film. The other objective is to enhance the crystallization of the deposited film.
The heat treatment must run in a suitable environment and the suitable temperature with proper time. Normally one can make full use of the published conditions but it may needed to make some trials to get out the best post heat treatment conditions.
Best wishes
I think the experience gained from a laboratory can be useful as a guidelines for other laboratories as the properties of the deposited layers depends largely not only on the deposition parameters such as deposition temperature and rate but also on the properties of the surface of the substrate material which may change in a large margin.
The post treatment is required to enhance the chemical bonding between the substrate and the deposited film. The other objective is to enhance the crystallization of the deposited film.
The heat treatment must run in a suitable environment and the suitable temperature with proper time. Normally one can make full use of the published conditions but it may needed to make some trials to get out the best post heat treatment conditions.
Best wishes
The main idea of after treatment is to improvise the opto-electrical properties of the CdS layer before it is to used in the PV devices. These improvement can be achieved due to crystallization, improvement in the effective surface area, improvement in the grain size as well as inter-particle connection.
So the re are several method to achieve those improvement by toxic and no toxic method. The most well know method is CdCl2 treatment on top of CdS however there are very few article are found for CdCl2 treatment on CdS since this method has been used to improve the CdTe layer. However this treatment is now regarded as a toxic one.
Thereby a non toxic and abandoned alternative has been comprehensively studied and it was published under " MgCl2 activation of CdS films: An alternative for CdCl2" in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 367.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.08.02
You may try this.
All The Best !!!
Thank you very much Abdelhalim abdelnaby Zekry and Chathuranga Kumarage for your valuable information.
I would like to share with my colleagues to give my opinion in the question .
After CdS deposited the heat treatment for a suitable time is an important operation in the final fabrication process of any engineering component to make material better suited, structurally and physically for famous specified application. This is exemplified by obtaining homogeneity for all samples at prepared alloys .
best wishes
As Chathuranga Kumarage rightly mentioned above about the possible chloride treatments and its toxicity factor, I would like to add that the CdS layers are normally best found under air-annealing (~400-420 Degree C for ~20 mins) and shows almost the similar kind of compositional, morphological, electrical and optical behaviour to that of the chloride treated layers. In this way, the the toxicity phenomenon can also be reduced. Though for CdTe layers, it's a must so far. Find a paper below to see the air-annealing effects of CdS thin-films. Hope this helps.
Article Electrodeposition of CdS thin-films from cadmium acetate and...
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