What are the modern uses of X-ray diffractometer?

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Tapan Chatterji

Yes if you put the diffractometer on a synchrotron beam then you can study nanoparticles on surfaces. You may even try to find structure of a single nonocrystal.

Do not underestimate X-ray diffractometer even if it is placed in a laboratory with just an X-ray tube. It can still do a lot of sample characterization and can even solve a new structure of enough complexity. On top of it now-a-days you can have powerful laboratory sources of X-rays including table-top synchrotron beam.