International research indicates that where social capital flourishes, the result is that individuals, communities, organizations and nations prosper economically, and not only!. However, I need point out her the ambiguity of definitions and the variety of interrelated meanings for social capital. Social capital refers to associational life, civic virtue, civic engagement, community service, social action, social cohesion, social ties, trust, the collective value of social networks, the construction of broader identities, respect for ethnic, racial and gender diversity and the elimination of socioeconomic exclusions. It entails active and direct interactions among individuals and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness, namely mutual understanding, shared values and behaviours that bind the members of human networks, making cooperative action possible.

On the other hand, arguments suggest that social capital can reinforce exclusive identities, homogeneous groups, social divides, social discrimination, gender exclusions, capitalization, and egocentric bonding . For instance, organizations, clubs and social groups with high social capital have the power, the means or even the motives to exercise non-inclusive practices and policies. Of course one has to examine Putnam's analysis on bridging or inclusive social capital vs bonding-exclusive social capital... Specifically,''Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of the American Community (Putnam 2000), although it may be gender-blind (Kamberidou 2012) as well as Adkin's (2005) discussions on Social Glue...

Irene

Indeed the possible answers to weave social ties, social capital networks are constructed, socially, economically, in the civic, in aesthetics, ... but not starting from scratch, usually given in a situation of lack, absence, or lack of critical contestation even better chance

Yes Contreras you are right, it is usually in times of need, crisis, new sociaal circumstances or conditions, etc.