Penso que alterações climáticas mais recentes e claras para o povo, vem da derrubada das florestas, para roubo de madeira, monocultura da cana e da soja e criação de gado bovino. A poluição desenfreada e o estudado efeito estufa, são irmãos gêmeos do desmatamento. Além de Los Angeles estar sempre com ondas de calor e incêndios famosos, em 2023 o norte europeu, lembro da Espanha, teve regiões assoladas pelo fogo persistente. Agora, em outubro de 23, a Amazônia passa por um longo período de seca, calor e incêndios. Uma floresta sempre chuvosa e encharcada, passando seca e incêndios. ~E culpa única dos seres humanos, madeireiros, criadores de gado, garimpeiros, trabalhadores de grandes cidades que poluem o mundo com seus carros individuais, países responsáveis por lixo nuclear e seus desastres, como em Chernobil, que daqui há 300 anos ainda não deixará ninguém morar lá.... (HOJE, 0-11-23, OUTUBRO FOI DECLARADO, APÓS ESTUDOS DA UNIÃO ESROPEIA O MÊS MAIS QUENTE EM TODO O MUNDO!!).

Dear Doctor

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A string of deadly heatwaves has impacted millions around the world in 2019. This issue brief examines the cause and the implications of heatwaves for our path towards sustainability.

Andréa Ventimiglia, 2023

"Heatwaves, without concomitant increases in precipitation, can lead to water shortages and increased stress for plants, particularly in arid regions. This has the effect of reducing plant growth, the basis of energy production and the food chain, with an overall drying-out of the landscape. In Europe, the 2003 heatwaves caused tree damage, increased leaf fall and turned carbon-sink landscapes into carbon-sources, releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere than was absorbed. These hot and dry conditions are favourable to the start and rapid spread of forest fires, which now regularly accompany heatwaves. In 2010, during the heatwave in Russia – which was the hottest in 130 years – more than 15 million hectares of forest, vegetation and peat land areas burnt, and importantly in areas without fire-tolerant species. Heatwaves can also dry up shallow aquatic ecosystems and accelerate glacier melt. For example, the 2003 European heatwave resulted in a 10% loss in glacier mass in Europe, which was five-times more than the average annual loss. Similar impacts were reported for the French Alps in 2019. Over time, such deep permafrost warming and thawing could cause landslides and rock falls, continuing the negative ecological impacts."

Dear Profs. Sundus F Hantoosh and André Valério Sales

Thank you so much for your contributions to this thread.

Indeed, there are reports of heat waves almost everyday around the planet, please check:

https://twitter.com/extremetemps

Best Regards.

Dear Prof. André Valério Sales

Thank for your post, the answer to your question is unknown to me.

However, you can check the following link that contains a very recent article addressing the issue, and its effect in human beings:

https://thebulletin.org/2023/10/how-risk-tipping-points-threaten-humanitys-ability-to-cope-with-climate-crisis/

Best Regards.

Dear Readers & Followers,

"The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist" has dedicated a special issue to climate change that has to do with the heatwaves phenomenon (November Bulletin)

https://thebulletin.org/premium/2023-11/introduction-climate-change-where-are-we-now/

Best Regards

Thank you so much for your post, Dear Prof. André Valério Sales

Interesting.

Best Regards

Dear followers and readers,

On november 18, extreme temperatures were registered in Brasil, near Rio de Janeiro with 58.8 C in some parts:

https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1726059624141336724

The heatwave was registered after 51 lightnings in 10 minutes nearby:

https://twitter.com/climaya/status/1726098286678086123

Best Regards

Dear followers and readers,

In the following link, there is a nice article by NASA about climate change, I suppose it has to do with the heatwaves coming from our star the Sun

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/

Best Regards

Dear Doctor

"What causes climate change?

• Burning fossil fuels
• Agriculture and deforestation
• Land-use change

The planet is warming more rapidly than ever due to a series of human-made factors.

The burning of fossil fuels for energy and transport – like so-called ‘natural gas’, oil and coal – emits toxic pollution which poisons our air and lungs and is responsible for more than 70 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. When carbon dioxide and methane are released into the air, they trap energy in our atmosphere, which makes the planet heat up.

The harmful effects of fossil-fuel emissions are deepening at an alarming rate. This is because our governments are not transitioning our economies away from a dependence on fossil fuels fast enough. While in many parts of the world there has been increased investment in renewable energy, fossil fuel use is not decreasing because total energy use keeps increasing.

Our governments – especially those in high income, high emitting countries – need to focus on transitioning away from fossil fuels and towards more sustainable, just energy solutions and on helping lower income countries to do so too.

Which industries contribute to climate change the most?

Almost all industries engage in the burning of fossil fuels, but some contribute to greenhouse gas emissions more than others. Unsurprisingly, the industry producing the most fossil-fuel emissions is the energy sector, which sells a product that by definition harms the climate.

The second largest polluter is the agriculture sector. Practices like industrial livestock farming, deforestation and land-use change not only contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in our air but also destroy our natural defence to increasing carbon dioxide levels. Forests and trees consume carbon-dioxide and play a huge role in the protection of our atmosphere, but they are regularly destroyed by intentional forest fires to clear land for commercial farming."

The air is heated from below, not from above. Sun's energy is reflected from the surface of the Earth and is heading to space, while it is warming up the air.

Unfortunately, the air has been filled with CO2 from human activities, much more than before. This CO2 gas has the ability to ABSORB this reflected heat that is normally going back to space. By absorbing this extra heat, the air temperature increases more than before.

If you or I can get this extra CO2 away from the air, there would be normal temperatures. However, not many people can remove this extra CO2 gas, therefore, the air temperature keeps going higher. And if people continue to burn fossil fuels, there will be much more extra heat in the air.

Science is very simple. If we could teach this simple science to children at school, they (kids) could solve some of the problems faster than adults.

Prof. Michael Issigonis

Thank you so much for the detailed explanation.

Yes, carbon dioxide CO2 can absorb heat because it can excite 5 degrees of freedom, 3 translational and 2 rotational, it is a linear triatomic molecule with a ratio Cv/R at 25 C and 1 atm of 3.48, meanwhile the other atmospheric gases N2 and O2 have a ratio Cv/R of about 2.5 at the same P and T.

Best Regards

Dear Professor Pedro L. Contreras E.

Thank you very much for your exceptional answer! I wish I had studied physics!

Besides CO2, the role of water vapour as a greenhouse gas has been pointed out by many.

Whereas the CO2 concentration in the air has passed the 400 pm level the water vapour level can be higher (?) if the humidity is high (like in our area it averages 70% these days).

What would be the physical characteristics of the water vapour gas as compared to CO2?

Thank You, Dear Prof. Michael Issigonis

I can add that the molecules of water have different specific heat ratio Cv/R in different phases if T is 25 C and P is 1 atm.

For example liquid water Cv/R is 4.18 J/(g C), but water vapour only has a ratio Cv/R of 1.86 J/(g C), and for ice at T equal to -10 C is around

2.1 J/(g C).

I guess you need more accurate tables and to look for specialized ab initio programs. For example tables, such as, the NIST–JANNAF thermochemical tables.

I apologize for the late reply

Best Regards

Dear Doctor

[Heatwaves, without concomitant increases in precipitation, can lead to water shortages and increased stress for plants, particularly in arid regions. This has the effect of reducing plant growth, the basis of energy production and the food chain, with an overall drying-out of the landscape. In Europe, the 2003 heatwaves caused tree damage, increased leaf fall and turned carbon-sink landscapes into carbon-sources, releasing more CO2 into the atmosphere than was absorbed. These hot and dry conditions are favourable to the start and rapid spread of forest fires, which now regularly accompany heatwaves. In 2010, during the heatwave in Russia – which was the hottest in 130 years – more than 15 million hectares of forest, vegetation and peat land areas burnt, and importantly in areas without fire-tolerant species. Heatwaves can also dry up shallow aquatic ecosystems and accelerate glacier melt. For example, the 2003 European heatwave resulted in a 10% loss in glacier mass in Europe, which was five-times more than the average annual loss. Similar impacts were reported for the French Alps in 2019. Over time, such deep permafrost warming and thawing could cause landslides and rock falls, continuing the negative ecological impacts.]

Thank you so much for your detailed contribution to the thread, Dear Prof. Sundus F Hantoosh