Sn

Hello,

you could consider aluminum for plasmonics. Please check the work of Jerome Martin and Jerome Plain (DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/48/18/184002). you should find all the relevant properties in the paper.

I hope it helps,

Roberto

What's your working wavelength? Al can be a good option. The resonant wavelength is located at UV, but can be tuned to visible or even NIR. You can also consider doped semiconductor for low loss plasmonics, like ITO, which is studied for NIR plasmonics. graphene can also be one choice.

Al can be a good option at GHz or THz regime, and Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCOs) is another candidate for infrared frequencies. Dielectric materials such as Silicon,Germanium,MoS2, graphene et al are alternative plasmonic materials beyond gold and silver.(DOI: 10.1002/adma.201205076).

Dear Esmat

Here is a paper I wish it helps you in your requirement:

Another important technological challenge associated with noble metals is that they are not compatible with standard silicon manufacturing processes. This precludes plasmonic and metamaterial devices from leveraging on standard nanofabrication technologies. This also diminishes the possibility of integrating plasmonic and metamaterial components with nanoelectronic components. The compatibility issue with noble metals arises from the fact that these metals can diffuse into silicon to form deep traps, which severely affects the performance of nanoelectronics devices. Hence the integration of noble metals into silicon manufacturing processes is a difficult challenge. Recently, copper has being incorporated into silicon processes, but additional, special processing steps are needed to create diffusion barriers between the silicon and the copper.Gold and silver still remain outside the realm of feasibility for silicon manufacturing processes.Major drawback of metals is that their optical properties cannot be tuned or adjusted easily. For example, the carrier concentration of metals cannot be changed much with the application of moderate electric fields, optical fields, or temperature, etc. Hence, in applications where switching or modulation of the optical properties is essential, metals are not the convenient choices.With all the shortcomings of conventional plasmonic materials, researchers have been motivated to search for better alternatives. Many alternatives to metals have been proposed that overcome one or more of the drawbacks mentioned above. The significance of a particular alternative depends on the end application, but general criteria for the choice of an alternative plasmonic material can be outlined from the issues raised in the preceding discussions.In the following sections, we review the concept of an ideal plasmonic material and discuss its feasibility. We identify two routes to realizing a good alternative plasmonic material. The two approaches are discussed in detail and cover different material systems, including popular semiconductors, transparent conducting oxides, ceramic nitrides, silicides and other intermetallics. This overview is followed by a brief discussion on 2D materials that can support plasmons. The subsequent section discusses the merits and shortcomings of each material system for different classes of metamaterial and plasmonic applications, such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) devices, surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) waveguides, resonant metamaterials such as negative-index metamaterials, TO devices such as cloaks, hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) devices, and finally tunable metamaterials. We conclude with a summary and outlook on the emerging research field of alternative plasmonic materials.

Read more in this paper

Alternative Plasmonic Materials: Beyond Gold and Silver                             Advanced Materials Vol. 25, Issue 24 , 2013 P. 3264–3294

If you can not reach this publication feel free to write message to me , via researchgate,  in order to send it to you.

Try Aluminum, especially for the visible and infrared.

Also heavily doped semiconductor layers such as n+ InP  have strong surface-plasmon 

properties at interfaces with low-doped InP layers.

The surface of a quartz or silicon substrate is activated using piranha solution. Then perfluorosilane molecules (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane from abcr GmbH) are grafted onto the surface. This drastically changes the surface wettability as verified by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on the surface. An increase from 30° on quartz or silicon to 116° was observed after surface functionalization. A thin layer of aluminum is then evaporated onto the functionalized substrate, immediatly followed by a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for 10 minutes at 800°C. The RTA is done under primary vacuum followed by a 25 sccm argon flux to prevent oxidation of Al. During annealing, quasi-spherical aluminum droplets are formed due to the super-repellent property of the substrate. At approximatly 400°C the bond between perfluorosilane molecules and the surface begins to break at which point the molecules sublime and are vented from the chamber. The aluminum droplets retain their shape and crystallize as the temperature is slowly decreased from 800°C to room temperature. The whole annealing process is done in an oxygen-free environment so oxidation occurs only after the crystallization of the Al-NPs. Previous studies [11] have shown that oxidation on crystalline aluminum is limited to a 2–3 nm thick surface layer. This alumina shell acts as a passivation layer preventing further oxidation.

Aluminum is a good option too. It has a better range than gold and silver, thus finds many more applications in UV and visible plasmonics. 

Please, pay attention to this paper 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00757

For Aluminum applications in the deep-ultraviolet range, you can see

10.1021/nn503035b

and

10.1021/nn400918n

The "trick" in that range is to maintain the Al NPs as small as possible. The caveat is that when they get too small (below 10 nm diameter) the exposure to atmosphere tends to create a hollow oxide shell, via the Kirkendall effect. Best luck for your research

See also Sanz, J. M. et al. UV Plasmonic Behavior of Various Metal Nanoparticles in the Near- and Far-Field Regimes: Geometry and Substrate Effects. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 19606–19615 (2013).

Na

It really depends on the spectral regime you are aiming to work on, as well as what you want to achieve from your plasmonic effect. But anyway below is a small summary:

UV: Aluminum and bismuth

Visible spectrum: Aluminum (although it might be too lossy around 700 nm, but should work fine at shorter visible wavelengths), copper and bismuth

Near infrared: Aluminum, copper, palladium and bismuth

Mid and long-wave infrared: Copper, tungsten, palladium and aluminum.

Some additional info:

-Some people have reported the use of TiN as good plasmonic material in the visible and near infrared spectra, but it needs to be fabricated under specific conditions to get optimum optical properties.

-Beware of using bismuth if your application needs to stand high temperatures, its melting point is low ( below 300 C)

- beware of using palladium, it suffers from hydrogen adsorption with subsequent changes in the permittivity function.

References for all the materials:

Aluminum

https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=main&book=Al&page=Rakic

Copper:

Article Switchable Plasmonic Metasurfaces with High Chromaticity Con...

https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=main&book=Cu&page=Johnson

Tungsten

https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=main&book=W&page=Ordal

Palladium

Article Palladium-Based Plasmonic Perfect Absorber in the Visible Wa...

https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=main&book=Pd&page=Johnson

Bismuth

Article Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible re...

TiN

• Article Titanium Nitride as a Plasmonic Material for Visible and Nea...

Carlota Ruiz de Galarreta has made an extensive review but it should also be noted that high index dielectrics and semiconductors also posses some of the properties for field enhancement, light scattering, etc. Esmat Rafiee you may want to look into high index metasurfaces :)

I can recommend a corresponding study in this regard:

Article A comparison of graphene, superconductors and metals as cond...

It realy depends on the type of applications. Except metallic particles, I will propose to use nitrides based nanoparticles (e.g. TiN). You can obtain a spectrum from visible to NIR, highly stabilize nanomaterials, cost effective and can be produced using facile fabrication techniques .

Hopefully, the attached paper will help you to find the best alternative plasmonic materials.

you can use semiconductors and metal nitrates. e.g. Ti, TiN.

Graphene could be an alternative choice instead of gold and silver

I can recommend aluminum for infrared .

aluminum can be,

Esmat Rafiee you can follow this paper article

Copper and Aluminum used as plasmonics material but not given better sensitivity as compared to gold and silver but FWHM and detection accuracy are given better.

ITO and Cu are the alternative of the gold and silver.

you can follow this paper article:

https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1608/1608.07866.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab009d

I advise you to follow this paper. ..

https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab009d

You can use Cu, Al, mix Ag & Au...

My regards

Malek G. Daher

Thank you for your choose, I am ok with you for some applications , but ohmic contact even with silver dnt match with some material like ZnO. Platinium and Gold are better than all the elements cited.

You can use aluminum, copper, platinum are used as a plasmonic material that provides better FWHM as compared to gold and silver.

no one is better than Gold and silver as a plasmonic material and can not be compare with Cu, Al ................................ But the performance can be improved with adding 2D material like graphene, tio2, mos2, gst and mxene material.

Although Au and Ag are most researched plasmonic materials...but recently the researches explored that MXene can be a better choice over Ag/Au for excitation of plasmonic waves in the visible regime.

Abinash panda

Yes I agree with your point that MXene is a emerging 2D materia. With Au n Ag it will be more effective rather than only MXene as plasmonic material. If you have some evidence that only MXene have better performance as plasmonic material plz share.

Thankyou

We made a comparison study in this literature:

Article Tamm resonance excited by different metals and graphene

I advise you to follow this paper. ..

https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab009d

You can use Cu, Al, mix Ag & Au...

My regards

Malek G. Daher

Copper aluminum platinum all can be in different parts of the spectrum.

Refer the following article

Coordination Chemistry Reviews 458 (2022): 214424.

I advise you to use Cu, Pt, Al, Bi, Pd, MXene, etc. according to your requirement.

2D MATERIALS AND DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS. DEPENDS ON YOUR REQUIREMENT, SPECTRAL RANGE AND IDEAS