Currently only alum (AlPO4, Al(OH)3 and AlPO4/AlSO4) is licensed as adjuvant for world-wide human vaccine. MF59 (Oil/water emulsion-based adjuvant) which is patented by Novartis, has been approved as vaccine adjuvant for season flu vaccine in EU, and for pandemic flu vaccine in world-wide. ASO4 (GSK) and AFO3 (Sanofi Pasteur) similar to MF59 is oil/water emulsion based adjuvant for world-wide pandemic flu vaccine. ASO2 (MLP-A/AlPO4) is currently used as adjuvant for GSK HPV vaccine.

There are many good and potent adjuvants being developed and some of them being tested in human clinical trials, in particular lipidated emulsion such as PELC (Chen et al., Biomaterials 2013. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.004) and ISCOM, and those have Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist activity. For example, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides has been well characterized as the TLR-9 agonist. Lipopeptides and lipoproteins (Leng et al., Mol Immunol. 2010. 47:2015-21) act as the TLR-2 agonist. Fe can act as the TLR-5 agonist. Flaggelin has been found to act as an adjuvant through the TLR-5. Some of cytokines are also found to act as the adjuvant in vaccine formulations.

For animal vaccine, ISA adjuvants from Seppic are widely used.

Dear Ubel,

I am sorry for a late response to your question, posted several months back. I hope it may be still helpful. When you ask for synthesis of aluminum phosphate, I presume you mean manufacturing or preparing this adjuvant at a laboratory scale or a large scale. I am going to answer from the manufacturing aspect. Aluminum phosphate has been manufactured by many vaccine manufacturers and also in many research labs following simple protocol of mixing aluminum chloride with sodium phosphate under controlled conditions. I wrote a protocol on the manufacture in a book chapter several years back, which you can download from my publications. This protocol provides instructions in details and if you have follow-up questions, I will be glad to answer those. The important points you need to consider are mixing of aluminum chloride and sodium phosphate in controlled conditions and removal of residual aluminum chloride and sodium phosphate, which can cause nasty reactions. So the gel has to be washed thoroughly. The residual amounts of reactants can also interfere with the adsorption and mechanism of adsorption. Please follow the 2 articles cited below - first for the manufacturing protocols, 2nd on the mechanisms and theoretical aspects of aluminum adjuvants.

Role and Application of Adjuvants and Delivery Systems in Vaccines. In:

Biological Drug Products: Development and Strategies, Eds, W. Wang and M. Singh, 2014, John Wiley & Sons, pp 437 - 468

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470571224.pse513/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

Aluminum compounds as vaccine adjuvants. in Vaccine Adjuvants, 2000, Ed Derek T. Hogan, Humana, pp 65 -89 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223918166_Aluminum_compounds_as_vaccine_adjuvants?ev=prf_pub)

Article Aluminum compounds as vaccine

Hi URBEL,

Tray nanoadjuvants to boost your vaccine formulation, i suggest you polymeric nanoparticles