Human and animal studies have found increased serum Uric Acid levels are caused by Fluoride.
Uric Acid and its salts are known as a danger signal for activation of the NLRP3 gene (Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain, Leucine Rich Repeat And Pyrin Domain Containing 3) coding for the Inflammasone immune response leading to CASP1-catalyzed IL1B and IL18 maturation and secretion.
Uric acid also increases IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α.
Monosodium Urate crystals induce Neutrophils to form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), associated with severe COVID-19.
Uric Acid level could help to explain risk factors for severe COVID-19, such as Kidney disease and Diabetes.
African Americans are more at risk for Gout and Covid-19.
Thanks to a colleague, who raised the possibility of using the anti-Gout drug Allopurinol to lower Uric Acid levels, I found a paper showing there is clear indication that HLA-B*5801 allele is a risk factor for severe reaction to the drug and this allele is enhanced in African Americans.
https://www.cmaj.ca/content/191/39/E1070
Discussion of African American vulnerability to Covid-19 here
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/heq.2020.0015
Article COVID-19 and African Americans
Malin et al found that: A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p=0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum Uric Acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p=0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001).
Article Fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among adoles...
Fluoride increased serum Uric Acid in sheep.
Cenesiz S et al. Chronic effects of fluoride on serum in Tuj sheep. Fluoride 2005;38(1):52–56.
Fluoride increased Uric Acid in Wistar Rats
Article Haemato-Biochemical Alterations in Subacute Oral Toxicity of...
Inhalation of Hydrogen Fluoride gas increases Uric Acid with Neutrophilia. Lund et al. 2002. Human exposure to hydrogen fluoride induces acute neutrophilic, eicosanoid, and antioxidant changes in nasal lavage fluid. Inhalation Toxicology 14(2):119-32.
Article Human exposure to hydrogen fluoride induces acute neutrophil...
Fluoride induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Bovine peripheral blood neutrophils.
Article Sodium fluoride exposure triggered the formation of neutroph...
A valuable study of the impact of Uric Acid on inflammatory diseases
Article Soluble Uric Acid Promotes Atherosclerosis via AMPK (AMP-Act...
In my experience, patients with severe COVID-19 have higher concentrations of UA compared to controls without COVID-19 and patients with mild COVID-19. I think the cause is multifactorial and includes the oxidative stress regulation and the catabolic activity
Interesting as a question. However difficult to demonstrate in an African context with limited resources. However, Ishare same experience with Federica.
Geoff Pain an interesting correlation and sophisticated question. Look, what I would like to present is a simplified iron (fe) perspective while trying to link with all of your proposals and observations. First, fluoride appears to cause iron overload:Article Fluoride-induced iron overload contributes to hepatic oxidat...
Uric acid is suggested as a telltale signal of early iron overload
Article Uric Acid as a Potential Cue to Screen for Iron Overload
Finally, instead of a causative role, uric acid appears to be the way the body attempts to mitigate excess iron since it is a powerful heavy metal chelator Article The relationship between ferritin and urate levels and risk of gout
"Urate acts as a chelator for iron and, in turn, iron can modulate the activity of xanthine oxidase and the production of urate"
As we are aware covid-19 actively tries to increase the availability of serum iron levels to replicate faster
Article Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are a...
It would seem that high initial uric acid levels would signal the increase of iron or the fact that the patient has some form of iron overload in the first place. Then at the next stage, Covid19 would attack the areas that produce uric acid thus removing its chelating effects. Uric acid is synthesized mainly in the liver, intestines and vascular endothelium. So it is no surprise that
COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal and liver injury - Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00373-7
Covid-19 is a vascular disease:
Article SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Do...
All of these mean that Hypouricemia would be the end game.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/633767
"studies have shown that serum uric acid concentrations were markedly lower in patients with severe COVID-19 disease"
Now I need a little help with why attacking the kidneys would be advantageous
but nobody is perfect;-)
Lancet: COVID-19 Virus Can Attack Kidneys, Speeding Death
https://www.ajmc.com/view/lancet-covid-19-virus-can-attack-kidneys-speeding-death
Sincerely
Prof Christopher G YUKNA
PS Fernando Kemta Lekpa African Americans suffer from gout more often and have higher serum iron levels than the rest of the American population which in the context of this discussion may have been due to adapting to deal with the malaria parasite. Just an idea but the research supports the hypothesis.
Article Gout and African Americans: Reducing disparities
Article Insights into the ethnic differences in serum ferritin betwe...
Thanks very much Christopher Gerard Yukna
Lots of interesting reading ahead!
Geoff