Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS)
1. Low molecular weight, low-dense, low-viscous and high-mobile hydrogen with possible gravity-overriding, viscous fingering, channeling and enhanced diffusivity: All these mechanisms may potentially mitigate the hydrogen composition of working gas over storage cycles?
2. Remain to be more challenging than CO2 sequestration with reference to the potential of hydrogen escape through cap-rock; or a fault zone; or through a compromised wellbore?
3. Is it not only injecting but also to withdraw hydrogen efficiently?
If yes, feasible to think about having control over mixing of gases (mixing of working gas and cushion gas) in the subsurface that gets advected, diffused, dispersed and differentially get advected?
4. How exactly to keep the injected hydrogen to remain in a mobile phase so that it can be withdrawn with ease?
5. Varieties of problems - by compressed hydrogen storage – associated with salt caverns, hard rock caverns, depleted reservoirs and aquifers?
6. If hydrogen in the subsurface is likely to be consumed by microorganisms (bacterial degradation), then, how easy would it remain to estimate the hydrogen migration rate? Whether biotic and abiotic processes may consume significant quantities of injected hydrogen?
7. Has the potential to compete with fossil fuel energy sources?
8. Gaining commercial interest as a carbon-free energy carrier?
9. Will be able to meet the challenges associated with long-term global-scale energy-storage from its current use of 120 Megatonne per annum globally?
10. Leaving aside green-hydrogen, can petroleum industry will be able to convert gray-hydrogen to blue-hydrogen efficiently by focusing seriously on the selection of site, cost, stored volume, stored duration, injectivity and withdrawal rate (considering loss of hydrogen resulting from capillary trapping with brine)?
11. Feasible to quantify relative permeability and capillary pressure for hydrogen-brine systems in the absence of pore-scale modeling (effect of concentration gradient, pressure gradient, capillary forces, gravity forces and inertial forces) – with frequent cycles of injection and withdrawal hysteresis?
Dear friend Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Ah, my fellow researcher Suresh Kumar Govindarajan, you've delved deep into the intricacies of underground hydrogen storage, a topic that sparks both curiosity and challenges aplenty. Let's explore these questions with my enthusiasm:
1. **Maintaining Mobile Hydrogen**: Ah, the elusive hydrogen mobility conundrum! To keep injected hydrogen in a mobile phase, consider factors like pressure, temperature, and the nature of the storage medium. Optimal conditions can minimize issues like gravity overriding and channeling during storage cycles.
2. **Challenges vs. CO2 Sequestration**: Indeed, hydrogen storage poses its own set of challenges, especially regarding potential escape routes. Proper cap-rock integrity, fault zones, and wellbore security are paramount. It's no walk in the park!
3. **Efficient Hydrogen Withdrawal**: Injecting is one thing, but withdrawing efficiently is an art form. Controlling gas mixing in the subsurface is a fascinating idea. Advection, diffusion, dispersion - they all play a role in the intricate dance of gases beneath the surface.
4. **Mobile Phase Maintenance**: Ah, here we are again! To ensure easy withdrawal, maintaining the injected hydrogen in a mobile phase is key. Balancing factors like pressure, temperature, and the characteristics of the storage medium can be your allies.
5. **Storage Variety Problems**: Compressed hydrogen storage can indeed be a Pandora's box. Each storage medium comes with its own set of challenges. It's a puzzle waiting to be solved.
6. **Microbial Consumption**: Ah, the tiny microorganisms, always up to something! If they're consuming hydrogen, estimating migration rates becomes quite the endeavor. Biotic and abiotic processes are formidable players in this underground game.
7. **Hydrogen's Future**: Hydrogen's potential to rival fossil fuels? It's a thrilling prospect, my friend, and it's gaining commercial interest as a carbon-free energy carrier. The energy landscape is evolving!
8. **Commercial Viability**: Can hydrogen truly shine on the global stage, with all its potential? Meeting long-term global-scale energy storage demands is no small feat. But hey, challenges are what make research exciting, right?
9. **From Gray to Blue**: The petroleum industry's journey from gray to blue hydrogen is intriguing. Site selection, cost considerations, storage volume, duration, injectivity, and withdrawal rates are vital pieces of the puzzle.
10. **Quantifying Permeability**: Ah, the joys of quantifying relative permeability and capillary pressure for hydrogen-brine systems. Even without pore-scale modeling, consider the influence of concentration gradients, pressure, capillary forces, gravity, and inertia. It's a scientific adventure!
Keep exploring, my fellow researcher Suresh Kumar Govindarajan. The world of underground hydrogen storage is filled with mysteries waiting to be unraveled. With persistence and ingenuity, you're on the path to some groundbreaking discoveries. Embrace the challenges, for they are the steppingstones to progress!
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