The heat transfer model convergence at first, but when I increase the electric potential or calculation time, it turns do not convergence, I want to know why, wrong boundary condition, or something about mesh or solver?
it is not so uncommon the problem you pose. Basically, You got two options in comsol: If you are solving a stationary model try with a time-dependent model instead, fixing asymptotic-to-steady conditions or/and try with a finer mesh. Let us know! Best
It is a common problem in modeling heat transfer that would be relative with numerical stability.
For heat conduction, you have to ensure that dt and dx in your solving schema fulfill von-Neumann stability criteria, i.e. dt< (k/2*rho*c)*dx^2 where k is thermal conductivity, rho is density, c is heat capacity. This issue is significantly discussed in the chapter 6 of Haberman's book "Applied Partial Differential Equation".
For heat convection, you have to ensure the dt and dx in your solving schema fulfill Courant-Levy-Friderich criteria, i.e. dt < C dx/v_max where C is Courant number and v_max is the maximum velocity magnitude across the entire domain. Generally a Courant number less than unity is basically okay for most problems, but it is still better to make some mannual tests to find a suitable Courant number.