PMUs are installed at sub-stations at the transmission or distribution levels. PMUs installed at the distribution sub-stations, usually have a higher refresh rate as compared to that of the transmission sub-stations. We call them DPMU or micro-PMU.

Thanks a lot. Moreover, what are the prerequisites for the electric grid infrastructure to employ PMUs? More specifically how an electric grid infrastructure is assessed whether if its infrastructure is ready for PMUs installation.

And what are the main manufacturers of PMUs besides ABB, Siemens and hitachi?

& how does a PMU prevents blackouts and fault detection? :)

In order words, what steps are taken by PMU after the synchro phasor measurement and for PMUs application and improving situational awareness?

PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) are typically installed at the substation level or transmission lines. They can also be installed at the distribution level, but this is less common.

PMU stands for Phasor Measurement Unit. It is a device that measures the frequency, voltage, and current of an electrical signal. PMUs are used to monitor the performance of the electric grid and to detect and identify problems.

PMU can be installed at different levels of the electric grid:

• Substation level: PMUs are typically installed at substations because they are located at strategic points in the grid. Substations are where power is transferred from transmission lines to distribution lines. PMUs can be used to monitor the performance of the substation and to detect and identify problems.
• Transmission line level: PMUs can also be installed on transmission lines. Transmission lines are the high-voltage lines that carry power from power plants to substations. PMUs can be used to monitor the performance of the transmission line and to detect and identify problems.
• Distribution level: PMUs can also be installed on distribution lines. Distribution lines are the lower-voltage lines that carry power from substations to homes and businesses. PMUs can be used to monitor the performance of the distribution line and to detect and identify problems.

The installation of PMUs at the distribution level is less common because it is more expensive. However, there is a growing interest in installing PMUs at the distribution level because it can help to improve the reliability and efficiency of the distribution system.

Here are some of the benefits of installing PMUs:

• Improved reliability: PMUs can help to improve the reliability of the electric grid by detecting and identifying problems early. This allows for corrective action to be taken before the problem causes an outage.
• Increased efficiency: PMUs can help to increase the efficiency of the electric grid by providing real-time data that can be used to optimize the operation of the grid. This can lead to reduced losses and lower costs.
• Improved security: PMUs can help to improve the security of the electric grid by providing data that can be used to identify and respond to cyber-attacks.

The installation of PMUs is a growing trend in the electric power industry. As the technology continues to develop, it is likely that PMUs will be installed at all levels of the electric grid.