Hi Mehvish saleem Shah ,

it is known that viruses mutate vigorously, but is it KNOWN WHY ? The mutation mechanism in part is known but perhaps the causes not very well understood, am I right. Can anybody go deeper into this particular subject?

Adrian Toader Williams

Thanks Mehvish saleem Shah,

yes, I knew all of the above.

My question is "how does the virus know that it does need to mutate". I refer to the mechanisms that trigger the process, the adaptation process so it can survive.

For example, what about if it does mutate in did into a form immediately vulnerable, much more vulnerable such as to self destruction... or lets say... to a simple oxidant, or...being attached by other virus ;-) , or simply by some gamma radiation high energy or even low energy but highly charged particles such as alpha, beta or light energy or electromagnetic radiation / induction, external factors of this sort.

How does it know what to do in order to evolute to a resistant strength. I hope I make myself understood or I don't know how to address the problem?

Adrian Toader Williams

Thanks. Quick one: Why substitutions in nucleotide base pairs take place ?

hi williams,

The stability of heredity depends ultimately on the accuracy with which the base sequence is conserved and copied. But, such accuracy cannot be maintained, as a rule, by DNA and at some stage of its replication or transcription some inaccuracy may occur within it due to some internal or external, natural or artificial factors.

A slightest inaccuracy in these mechanisms may cause a change in a very small segment of DNA molecule, i.e., a single nucleotide or nucleotide pair (subnucleotide changes) which ultimately may be manifested into an altered phenotype of the effected organism.

Thus the point mutations in which a nitrogen base of triplet codon of DNA is replaced by another nitrogen base or some derivative of nitrogen base, are called substitution mutations. An altered codon due to substitution mutation may designate a different amino acid and may result in the production of a protein molecule with a single amino acid substitution.

The substitution mutations can alter the phenotype of an organism variously and so, have great genetic significance.

Ms. Mehvish saleem Shah , Mr. Muhammad Yasar,

do we have here a possible effect of a nature where a carbon atom is becoming nitrogen (transmutation) and the "expected molecule" is totally different molecule, therefore creating a chain of changes, adaptations, inducing a tendency to fix and so on?

This would be, in the same fashion, available in case of any DNA / RNA, protein/enzyme.

Nitrogen converting into carbon can also create an entire "molecular revolution", all perhaps is part of the evolution process of the living systems, living mater (also is possibly available in any chemical compound, more implications in organic compounds).

Do I make any sense?

Adrian Toader-Williams

dear williams,

As far as i know basic chemistry, an atom will be only replaced by its other family members. for example carbon can can be replaced by any of the following Si, Ge, Sn or Pb due to their valency in the outermost shell. Transmutation of carbon into nitrogen, according to me is impossible to some extent.

for instance, recently i gone through an article mentioning about a novel bacteria having arsenic backbone in their DNA instead of phosphorous. this make sense, because arsenic belongs to the nitrogen family(in which phosphorous also exist).for further details on this google this "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus" it is also available as pdf for free....

hope this has helped you.... if u get any relevant answer please share with me ......

Dear Mr. Muhammad Yasar, this helped a lot, thank you.

Still, I keep my question wide open to other members as well. Transmutation of carbon into nitrogen is very possible and the other way around.

In nature we don't have only rules of chemistry, we don't talk only chemical reactions and valances.

As soon as I'll have more details, right on, I will certainly share with the group. In mid time, I wish we will have more input from researchers.

It is a interdisciplinary issue, so I hope there will be someone that can make light in this area.

Adrian Toader-Williams

hello everyone,

the mutations occur by their own. no organism WISH to mutate.

most of the mutant organism do not survive.

but the mutant survivors, however less have something positive, that makes them fitter in there environment. THAT'S WHY THEY SURVIVE.

thus every mutation we see has something which makes the organism better in one or more aspects.

error are intrinsic with the molecular events, they are not common to be seen in large organisms like us or even eukaryotes because they have good mechanism to rectify the errors and the statistical probability of the mutations manifested in large organism like ours is very very very less.

the ambient environment of microbes is simpler i.e. governed by just chemicals directly. this is not the case with large organisms with complex surroundings.

hi williams.....

Each element has a different but fixed number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, which is the atomic number, the transmutation of one chemical element into another involves changing that number. Such a nuclear reaction requires millions of times more energy than was available through chemical reactions.

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Te-Va/Transmutation.html

Then there's the biological transmutation of elements phenomenon. Experimentally, it appears that transmutation routinely takes place in biological systems. Theoretically, such an explanation is not acceptable. Why? Because consensus of opinion, not evidence, determines which scientific truths gain acceptance. Never-the-less, the biological transmutation of elements hypothesis lives on.

http://www.cheniere.org/books/aids/ch5.htm

http://www.life-enthusiast.com/ormus/orm_bio_transmut.htm

Mr. Muhammad Yasar,

you are 100% right in one sense of the reaction/phenomena,

but you are missing the point of the reverse of the phenomena you referring to.

Like Mr. David Brown said: "the biological transmutation of elements hypothesis lives on".

My question is... why ? how ? when ? Then what ?

Adrian Toader-Williams

hello adrian,

can you tell us what exactly is your question...?

i mean we should focus rather than diverging away from the matter.

Mr Aditya Asopa

I posted under new subject since is not so much ONLY about viruses as it is also about viruses, as precised as it gen be.

Enzymes and Virus Mutation. Biological Transmutation & Isotopic Activity? See the DISCUTIONS please and

Thanks