Radiation is joking with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and scientists have been tricked. Below is a comparative description.
A--Output of the second law of thermodynamics
B--The experimental performance of radiation.
1A, Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously transfer from low to high temperatures.
1B, thermal radiation: Low temperatures can radiate to high temperatures, while high temperatures can radiate to low temperatures.
2A, scientists bet on the heat transferred by radiation: q (T1_to_T2)>q (T2_to_T1), where T1>T2
2B, actual intensity of thermal radiation:
q (T1_to_T2)=q (T1, n1); Q (T2_to_T1)=q (T2, n2)
n1, n2- Number of internal radiation structures of heat sources 1,2. Specific examples: 1 is helium, 2 is CO2, and n1 will be less than n2 In this case,
q(T1_to T2)T2
3A,Scientists from the 17th to 18th centuries believed that knowledge like 2A could be forgiven.
3B, scientists in the 21st century still believe in knowledge like 2A, which would be a bit foolish.
4B, see simulation case (image) for details
The provided text deals with an apparent contradiction between the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the behavior of thermal radiation. To resolve this contradiction, the focus is on how the internal structures of heat sources impact the intensity of thermal radiation. While the Second Law of Thermodynamics (1A) applies to the transfer of heat between low and high temperatures, thermal radiation (1B) exhibits a different behavior where heat can spontaneously transfer between low and high temperatures and vice versa.
The comparison between 2A and 2B relies on the actual experimental performance of heat transfer through radiation. In the case of actual thermal radiation (2B), it becomes evident that the intensity of radiation depends on the internal radiation structures of heat sources. While the assumptions of scientists in earlier centuries (3A) might be forgivable due to limited knowledge, contemporary adherence to such beliefs (3B) could be considered less justified given the advanced understanding of radiation and its dependence on internal structures, as illustrated in the comparison between 2A and 2B.
Radiation cooling or heating does not consume any work. We welcome guidance from thermal scientists and engineers.
This is a radiation simulation case using COMSOL, which satisfies empirical laws and energy conservation. See image for details
1. This setting includes radiation experience: when the gas density is small, the radiation intensity is proportional to the density, and the absorption coefficient is inversely proportional to the density (the smaller the absorption coefficient, the stronger the absorption capacity)----- Domain 1 gas density=1, Domain 2 gas density=2.,
2. Radiation generates a temperature difference of 2.1 ℃, rendering the second law of thermodynamics invalid.
3. This transposition can be connected in series to generate stronger heating and cooling capabilities, with low cost, and can be industrialized and commercialized.
4。This article also includes an analysis of the imbalance in calculating radiation. Welcome to read.
Article Using COMSOL to Prove the Temperature Difference Caused by A...
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