In the paper tittled 'Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living Things and Living Things' it has been shown that gravitational force is because of recessional motion of the stars and fundamentally an electromagnetic force, which is not universal, and is different for different star systems. This is not a new idea as Clerk Maxwell had spelled out this in very low tone as described in my paper 'Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living Things and Living Things'. After showing the existence of aether experimentally by the same experiment due to which the aether was rejected in 1887 the Clerk Maxwell's theory of light being an electromagnetic wave motion in the medium of aether, the electric dipoles. The whole terminology shall have to be changed and formal beginning was made in 2012 and now the issue will be forcefully pursued with following start

Following open challenge is standing till date and available on Natural Philosophers Database, General Science Journal, ResearchGate, SlideShare, Academia.edu, vixra etc. in my profile.

Open Challenge

Year: 2012

The article 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies' by Albert Einstein is based on trickeries is proved beyond any doubt whatsoever in the articles (1). Experimental & Theoretical Evidences of Fallacy of Space-time Concept and Actual State of Existence of the Physical Universe published in the peer-reviewed journal namely Indian Journal of Science & Technology (March 2012 issue) available on www.indjst.org (2) On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies By Albert Einstein is Based on Trickeries (Open letter to Professors, Teachers, Researchers and Students of Physics) published in peer-reviewed journal Elixir Online Journal (February 2012 issue) available on www.elixirjournal.org. The Voigt transformation was simply a mathematical possibility which was changed by Lorentz by introducing the Lorentz factor but the Lorentz factor is simply a manipulation. Thus nature and forces in nature were trivialized and made subservient to mathematics in the theories of relativity, Big Bang Theory, Space-time concept and in all physical sciences which are directly or indirectly based on the 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'. It is unfortunate for humanity that exposing these trickeries took more than one hundred years.

I openly challenge all the professors, researchers & teachers of physics/philosophy of physics to come forward & show me where I am wrong or else they have to accept that they are teaching incorrect physics based on trickeries.

My challenge may not be treated as a publicity stunt, but I sincerely wish that truth should prevail on this planet and am expecting identical response from all truth loving people/intellectuals. I do understand that it is hard for mainstream physicists to reconcile with the alternative philosophy; though actual and factual; as almost all the living physicists and researchers are borne, brought up and taught physics which is fundamentally incorrect. Their livelihood is based on the physics which has been adopted as the result of fraud, but these material interests should never be a stumbling block to acknowledge the reality, which to my understanding is the essence of scientific thinking and honest living for the betterment of entire human society.

I have not an iota of doubt that sooner or later the truth will prevail, but it would be in the interest of humanity that truth is accepted now so that humanity comes out of clutches of materialism which in itself is naked atheism.

Mohammad Shafiq Khan.

With Regards

Mohammad Shafiq Khan

Soumendra Nath Thakur

The photon has no mass. Therefore, all discussions about its gravitational interaction are meaningless. Its path near the mass changes because the mass changes the geometry of space.

@ All the members and subscribers of ResearchGate.

Final Truth

Hi,

Aether is not a new concept but it was first proposed by Descartes as the medium for propagation of light and forces of nature. Clerk Maxwell formally gave the theory of light as the electromagnetic wave motion subject to the existence of aether, the electric dipoles, in the space. The existence of aether was rejected on the basis of an experiment called Michelson -Morley Experiment. Now the proper and correct interpretation of this experiment confirms the existence of aether, as shown by me in the paper 'Michelson-Morley Experiment; A Misconceived and Misinterpreted Experiment' thereby the light is confirmed as the electromagnetic wave motion and with it the whole philosophy of physical universe changes which is available in the published paper in peer-reviewed journal tittled 'Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living and Living Things' and with this the Big Bang Theory vanishes and so the proposed non-existent Dark Matter and Dark Energy also vanishes. All forces of nature have been shown as electromagnetic forces. Matter, time and light/radiation are emergent and space is absolute and filled with aether, the electric dipoles, which have the electromagnetic properties which have been imparted to it by the Creator of the universe.

This ends the quest for the truth which shows that the universe has been created by a well defined Creator having immense powers.

Let the good news reach everywhere and you are requested to send it to all your subscribers and members.

Now those who do not agree with my research accept the open challenge which is available on Academia.edu, ResearchGate, General Science Journal, Natural Philosophers Database, erstwhile World Science Database, viXra and SlideShare etc.

With Regards

Mohammad Shafiq Khan

Ex.Director, Writer, Scientist and Philosopher

@Ilya Boldov

The bending of light when passing nearby the stars is already explained in the paper tittled 'Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living and Living Things' when light is presumed as electromagnetic wave motion and space is filled up with aether, the electric dipoles, whereas gravitation is treated as an electromagnetic force. All the concepts of physics based on emergent space are simply doomed for good like Big Bang Theory, Dark Matter and Dark Energy, gravitational field etc. etc.

Ilya Boldov

This research should provide a nuanced elucidation for your question "the photon has no mass,..." Since, photon energy should have its energy equivalent 'effective mass'

Preprint A Symmetry and Conservation Framework for Photon Energy Inte...

Besides that you may verify how meaningful your statement is, "all discussions about photon's gravitational interaction are meaningless" as it violates relativistic interpretation of gravitational lensing as well as this statement,

"photons lose energy as they escape a gravitational well, and this results in a gravitational redshift:

• Explanation Photons must travel at the speed of light, so when they lose energy, they do so by changing frequency rather than speed. This results in an increase in wavelength, or a shift to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Evidence The observed decrease in frequency and increase in wavelength provide evidence of the energy-mass equivalence principle and the effects of gravitational time variation."

Soumendra Nath Thakur

1. Our space in which particles move discretely, and consists of 0-dimensional Planck-length discretes. Denying this leads to Zeno's aporias. The motion of a particle, including a photon, is a transition of an excited state to a neighboring discrete. See isotachy and kekinema. For a photon and a neutrino, the time of transmission of such a state to a neighboring discrete is a constant for our space. It cannot change. That is why the speed of light is constant and does not depend on the frame of reference. It is dictated by space. Having broken away from the electron, the photon is completely subordinated to space. It cannot increase or decrease the speed of its movement (the time of transmission to a neighboring discrete). It simply has to pass through more discretes of space in a gravitational pit. This is an apparent slowdown for an external observer. Yes, when a photon passes close to a gravitating mass, its trajectory (direction) changes, which is perceived as gravitational lensing. 2. A photon is not a single particle, but a group of discretes in an excited state. This is why the direction of motion is deviated during refraction and diffraction/interference. The direction of the electromagnetic wave front changes because the photon has entered a medium in which there are more or less massive particles (atoms), which, with their mass, make their own small distortion of space. And this again leads to a change in the number of discretes on the photon's path. This is the simplest explanation for the "slowing down" of the speed of light in matter.

3. Em= m*c2= ρm *V*с2 = ρmV*S*t-2 = ρm (V*t-1 )*(S*t-1 );

The energy of mass is equal to the density of filling the volume of an elementary particle with energy multiplied by its three-dimensional volume in our world and the area of ​​the conjugate surface.

(What prevents you from looking at the article - Mass as the geometry of space?)

Photon - tetrahedron

Electron neutrino - octahedron

Muon - icosahedron.

Their faces are triangles that allow free passage of two-dimensional space dividing our three-dimensional world and three-dimensional anti-space.

Kekinema is an accomplished movement. When an elementary particle, both a photon and a neutrino, moves, their state in the form of a particle disappears in the discreteness of our world, appears in the discreteness of the conjugate mirror anti-space, and then disappears there and appears in the neighboring discreteness of our world.

Dear Mr. Ilya Boldov,

21 November 2024

Thank you for your thoughtful contributions to our discussion regarding the photon’s trajectory and energy exchange in gravitational fields. While I appreciate your perspective, I maintain several key aspects of the discussion framework deserve more focused consideration.

The discussion centres on a nuanced distinction between intrinsic photon energy (E) and gravitational-interaction energy (Eg), which enables the symmetric energy exchange observed as photons traverse gravitational fields. This framework is grounded in established conservation laws, combining classical mechanics, relativity, and quantum principles. The interpretations align with phenomena such as gravitational redshift and lensing, which are well-documented within relativistic physics.

Your initial dismissal of photon-gravitational interactions as "meaningless" appears to overlook this broader framework. It is widely accepted that photon energy, despite lacking rest mass, possesses an energy equivalent that interacts gravitationally, as evidenced by gravitational redshift and lensing. Your statement that space geometry alone dictates photon paths simplifies these complex interactions and neglects the role of energy conservation in relativistic contexts.

Furthermore, your emphasis on discrete spatial elements and particle geometries in reply2 introduces an interesting but tangential concept that does not directly address the discussion's core argument. While discrete space theory may provide insights into particle motion, it remains unclear how it challenges the proposed framework of E and Eg, which preserves energy conservation in gravitational dynamics. I would welcome a more specific counter or clarification on how this framework conflicts with your perspective.

To advance this discussion constructively, I encourage you to engage directly with the following points:

1. The role of photon energy equivalence in gravitational lensing and redshift phenomena, and how your discrete space model accounts for these relativistic effects.

2. The conservation of energy during photon traversal of gravitational fields, including the distinction between E and Eg, and whether your model preserves or contradicts these principles.

I consider this focused exchange will enhance our understanding and contribute meaningfully to the discourse. I look forward to your response and further exploration of these fascinating topics.

Best regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

Soumendra Nath Thakur

I repeat once again - read the article "Mass as the Geometry of Space" on my page.

It is clearly shown there that mass in our Universe is proportional to the three-dimensional volume occupied by an elementary particle (or their sum in a large mass). This volume bends the two-dimensional plane conjugate with our three-dimensional world, forming gravitational pits.

Mass has two properties: gravity and inertia.

Gravity is when bodies roll mutually towards someone else's distortion of space. Inertia is when they try to push a body out of its own distortion. A photon has no mass. Its trajectory changes when passing along the slope of someone else's gravitational distortion, but it is not attracted to the mass and is not repelled. Yes, it has energy, and even volume, but it does not make its own gravitational funnel.

Loop gravity assumes that space consists of triangular simplices.

Therefore, the photon and neutrino, in the form of regular polyhedrons with triangular faces, easily overcome the two-dimensional plane dividing our universe and the anti-universe.

And this is already the topic of the Geometric Model of Elementary Particles.

Ilya Boldov

Image1:Illustrates the Spacetime Curvature vs. Gravitational Field Lensing

Spacetime Curvature vs. Gravitational Field Lensing

1. Background and Title:

The image displays the title "Spacetime Curvature vs. Gravitational Field Lensing" in bold black text. This sets the focus on differentiating between gravitational lensing interpretations based on General Relativity's spacetime curvature and external gravitational fields.

2. Source of Light (Top Right):

Positioned in the top right corner, a small sphere labelled "Source of Light" represents a distant luminous object. This body is drawn small to convey distance, emphasizing that the light travels a vast distance before interacting with gravitational influences.

3. Rays of Light (Extending from Source):

The lines radiate outward from the source of light, symbolizing photon trajectories or light rays moving omni directionally. Several lines are directed toward the bottom left, where they approach the observer, showing how light travels through and interacts with gravitational fields.

4. Observation Point (Bottom Left):

In the bottom left, a larger sphere labelled "Observation of Light" represents the observing body (e.g., Earth). Its larger size suggests proximity, emphasizing that it is the endpoint for analysing the path of light under gravitational influences.

5. Celestial Body (M) as the Moon:

Near the Observation of Light, a smaller sphere labelled "M" represents the Moon, which orbits around the observer (Observation Point). During phenomena like a solar eclipse, M aligns with the observer and the massive body (e.g., Sun), which is crucial for the gravitational lensing demonstration.

6. Massive Body/Sun (Centre):

Cantered between the Source of Light and the Observation of Light, a large sphere labelled "Massive Body/Sun" represents a nearby gravitationally influential object (e.g., the Sun). This body is illustrated as the largest sphere, signifying its strong gravitational influence over light rays passing through its vicinity.

7. Gravitational Fields (Around Massive Body):

The curved lines surround the Massive Body/Sun, representing its gravitational field. This field is extended to visually differentiate between gravitational influences arising from the mass itself rather than from spacetime curvature.

8. Curved Spacetime (Below Massive Body):

Below the Massive Body/Sun, a curvature represents spacetime distortion. This depiction aligns with General Relativity's view of mass-induced spacetime warping, but in this illustration, it is shown as insufficient for redirecting light in a lensing effect, suggesting limitations in the curvature alone.

9. Concept Visualization (Photon Pathways and Interactions):

The visualization emphasizes two distinct photon pathways interacting differently with the massive body, depending on the surrounding fields:

• Lower Ray Path (Interaction with Spacetime Curvature):

Photons traveling along the lower ray pathway encounter the curved spacetime around the Massive Body/Sun. This path is obstructed by the mass of the Massive Body, unable to continue toward the Observation Point. This visualization implies that gravitational lensing is not solely due to the spacetime curvature predicted by General Relativity, as these rays cannot bypass the mass.

• Upper Ray Path (Interaction with Gravitational Fields):

Photons on the upper path bypass the curved spacetime and instead follow the gravitational field lines around the Massive Body/Sun. In this pathway, the photons are redirected by the gravitational field rather than by spacetime curvature. This interaction with the gravitational field allows them to proceed unobstructed toward the Observation Point, proposing that gravitational lensing is actually facilitated by these external gravitational fields.

10. Observational Alignment during a Solar Eclipse:

It is essential to understand that gravitational lensing is often observed during a solar eclipse, where M (the Moon) aligns between the Earth (Observation Point) and the Sun (Massive Body), casting a shadow on Earth. During this alignment, the Source of Light, Massive Body/Sun, M, and Observation Point are all positioned in a straight line. This alignment reinforces the need for the massive body’s external gravitational field to guide photons to the observation point, rather than the curvature of spacetime alone.

Summary

This image visually argues that gravitational lensing arises from photon interactions within the external gravitational fields surrounding massive bodies rather than the spacetime curvature framework alone, as proposed by General Relativity. By emphasizing the photon energy pathways, this illustration suggests that the gravitational field of a massive body actively guides light toward the observer, demonstrating gravitational lensing without requiring spacetime distortion. This approach aligns with quantum mechanical interpretations, highlighting how external gravitational fields interact with photon energy to produce the lensing effect.

Expansion on Photon Energy Interactions in Gravitational Fields:

This section will further expand the framework by describing distinct types of photon energy interactions in gravitational fields under varying conditions. In the previously discussed "symmetry in energy and momentum exchange," the inherent photon energy (E) and interactional energy (Eg)—which are symmetrically gained and lost by the photon during gravitational interaction—are recognized as distinct in nature. These energies can be better understood through the earlier discussion of photons and gravitons.

When a photon is emitted from within a gravitational well, it carries its intrinsic energy, E=hf, as well as an additional gravitational interaction energy, Eg=hΔf, due to the influence of the gravitational field. Thus, at the exact moment of emission, the photon’s total energy is at its highest, E+Eg, with its frequency represented by f+Δf, where Δf is the frequency shift induced by the gravitational field.

As the photon ascends from the gravitational well, it expends energy from its gravitational interaction component, Eg, rather than its intrinsic energy, E. This energy Eg=hΔf diminishes progressively as the photon escapes the gravitational influence, with Δf representing a gravitationally induced frequency shift that persists only within the gravitational field of the source.

The photon's inherent energy, E=hf, is distinct in nature from the interactional energy, Eg. The former is mass-equivalent energy, intrinsic to the photon itself, while the latter is an additional, gravitationally induced energy that exists solely due to the photon’s interaction with the gravitational field.

In conclusion, the inherent energy E and the interactional energy Eg are fundamentally distinct. They are symmetrically gained and lost by the photon during gravitational interactions, reflecting two different types of energy that respond independently to gravitational influence.

@ All participants

It seems that people are bent upon displaying their knowledge about imaginary things which just are not there. The SR and GR are doomed for good and so is space-time concept and there is standing open challenge to that effect. Space is absolute and filled up with aether whereas time is relative and emergent and the question of curvature of space-time does not arise. I wonder when people will understand the truth.

If the photon had mass, it would never escape from the star.

Ilya Boldov

The concept of "rest mass" for a photon is irrelevant due to its intrinsic massless nature. However, its energy E=h⋅f, interpreted through E =mc², implies an equivalent mass known as effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ). Extended classical mechanics study describes a photon’s dynamic properties, introducing expressions for net force F derived from effective mass and associated acceleration. For a photon, with matter mass Mᴍ=0, the effective mass becomes Mᵉᶠᶠ =− Mᵃᵖᵖ, where Mᵃᵖᵖ denotes apparent mass linked to energy-momentum exchanges. The force equation F = − Mᵃᵖᵖ·aᵉᶠᶠ highlights the dependence of photon dynamics on energy-based inertial properties. This framework reveals that effective mass can appear negative in such contexts, reflecting the photon’s counteracting force behavior in external fields. Implications extend to gravitational lensing, redshift, and energy conservation, offering a refined perspective on photon interactions in gravitational and quantum systems.

Regards,

Soumendra Nath Thakur

@ all participants

Since aether has been shown to be existing so called particle nature of photon shall have to abandoned as photon is now an electromagnetic wave motion carrying the cause of vibration of the electric dipoles. The frequency of the photon is the frequency of the aether dipoles under these circumstances mass and momentum of photon is irrelevant. Gravitational force per se has been shown to be an electromagnetic force as indicated by Clerk Maxwell. These old concepts of main-stream physics are to be thrown in the dust bin.