Here is a Wikipedia article to introduce the topic of degradative enzymes excreted by microorganisms: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoenzyme
This just scratches the surface of the topic. For example, there are microorganisms that can degrade various types of synthetic plastics. Here is an example:
Nucleases and phosphatases break O-P bonds, as an example of a non-carbon-containing bond that is broken by enzymes. The nitrogenase enzyme breaks the extremely stable N-N triple bond in N2.