Most certainly this can be done, provided that the printed materials are reasonably transparent for X-rays. In my days as a hospital service engineer solved some mysterious technical problems thanks to using the hospital's CT and traditional X-ray equipment. If you'd want to inspect parts up to the size of a rat for very small defects/deviations, you could use a micro-CT which has a smaller X-ray focus, allowing to image finer details (but in a smaller imaging volume than human scanners).
I think there is no problem in using CT for medical field. An industrial computed tomography (CT) scan can validate and qualify prototypes and the first printed parts for many different materials such as mold components, metal or plastic printed parts. Industrial CT scanning is able to validate internal geometry and defects within a part without destroying the part. From the two-dimensional X-ray images, the CT system is able to generate a 3D image for both the interior and exterior of the part. The 3D image may represent 3D volumetric density map in gray values based on the different composition of the sample.
CT-scan with 66 µm nominal voxel size can be useful to complaiance with X-Ray in diagnosing the Porosity analysis of 3D printed plastic parts. Decreasing the voxel size will improve the reliability of pore detection, but will also cost extra time and expenses for the CT-scan, reconstruction, evaluation and in storage. In particular, the X ray computed tomography (CT) inspection technologies show several advantages as a non-destructive method for acquiring structural characterization of both internal and external geometries of AM parts, and it might be the only available option to extract component dimensions of internal or hidden features that are inaccessible to well established metrology tools. This makes the CT technology a good partner in the “3D printing revolution” for the study and inspection of AM products. Of course, the ability of defect detection by X-ray CT has a direct correlation with the size, complexity, and type of material of the part being analyzed, but in principle high scanning resolutions are possible, from millimeters to micrometers, and more recently nanometers.
Please go through one of the references cited below.
Reference:
A. Thompson, L. Körner, N. Senin, S. Lawes, I. Maskery, R. Leach (2017): Measuremnet of internal surfaces of additively manufactured parts by X-ray computed tomography. Conference on Industrial Computed tomography 2017, Leuven/Belgium