The depreciation of a car is usually the combination of two factors: on the one hand, the car loses value with age, independent of usage; on the other hand, for any given age, it loses additional value with more intensive usage.

The only overview I am aware of is this: https://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0501.pdf but the references are rather old (they don't discuss the specific problem of electric or hybrid vehicles, for instance), and seem to be very much focused on the North American market. Is anyone aware of more recent summary work, and, if possible, referring to the European market?