I've come across several papers discussing evidence of inflammation post-treatment with BMP-2 and studies trying to mitigate this inflammation, but there doesn't seem to be information suggesting pathways leading to this occurrence.

There also seems to be contradictory findings of TNF-alpha and its role in osteogenesis, with a paper by Huang et al (image is from paper) suggesting it triggers the same MAPK pathway as BMP-2 and converges on Runx2, but TNF alpha has inhibitory effects on Runx2. However, the paper doesn't explain or suggest why or how both transcription factors trigger activation of p38 and ERK 1/2, but somehow BMP-2 pathway upregulates Runx2 while TND-alpha/IL-1 beta pathway downregulates it. Thoughts?

Paper referenced: "Opposing TNF-α/IL-1β- and BMP-2-activated MAPK signaling pathways converge on Runx2 to regulate BMP-2–induced osteoblastic differentiation"