Management theory practices is transferable through knowledge and skills especially that many management theory practices technically emphasize total quality management (TQM). As companies become global, for example McDonalds, KFC, Toyota, Disney world, etc operational systems are required to be uniform from country to country of operational. For example, the use of ICT, virtual reality training can be utilized by both managers and employees regardless of country location. Additionally, in contemporary management issues, international human resource management stresses many aspects of management theory practices and how these practices can be used. It is becoming very common, for example, that a Chinese national can be a manager in Zambia, hence this necessitates transfer of management theory practices.

“Knowledge is generated in different language systems, organizational cultures and work groups. If the context changes (e. g. culture), knowledge also changes” Venzin (1998). It is usually believed that with the computer age knowledge workers have become a common feature. Many people nowadays are employed in sectors where they create, release, transfer, receive and utilize information. Source: Diane Piktialis, Kent A. Greenes (2008): Bridging the Gaps. How to Transfer

Knowledge in Today’s Multigenerational Workplace

“The ‘conscious importation’ of American concepts was deliberately adapted to Japanese needs and purposes and “absorbed into its own mores and customs” (Enomoto 1995, 240). The Toyota Motor Company became the learning organization par excellence while it realized the highest standards in quality, price and product variety in the shortest delivery times by allowing a free flow of information.”

Different countries also have different management theory practices that can be transferred through working policies and standards. The position of a country allows some predictions to be made on the way their society operates, including their management processes and the kind of theories applicable to their management”( Dumi, 2012).

Dumi, AL (2012). Management Concepts and Theories, the Strategic Development Levels on Transfer Organizational Work in the Poor Countries. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies E-ISSN 2281- 4612 ISSN 2281-3993Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Published by MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome Vol 1 No 2 November 2012

Venzin (1998).The transfer of management knowledge to Africa: TQM in West African agro-industrial firms Honorine Illa: University of Ouagadougou Luchien Karsten: https://sagiter.eu/files/bf_fichierjoint_transfer.pdf

Dear Mamedu,

At this point, there are several perspectives about knowledge spread (See Lervik & Lunnan, 2004). According to "knowledge transfer" perspective, knowledge can spread from one context to another one without experiencing a problem. It can be used in a new context without almost no modification. However, according to translation sociology, in other words perspective of "knowledge translation" (See Czarniawska & Joerges, 1996; Czarniawska & Sevon, 2005); while knowledge travels from one context to another one, in every scenario, it is translated (or transformed). Sometimes knowledge carriers or translaters transform the knowledge to adapt it into a new context. For example, some knowledge carriers (e.g. managers, business scholars, consultants etc.) need a modification in technical or symbolic content of a knowledge, when they take it from US and bring into Turkish context since national cultures are different of these two countries. On the other hand, translation is sometimes accidental. For example, translation can be stemmed from some misunderstandings or under-standings of translators. In addition, knowledge carriers often transform management knowledge to support their position and to gain legitimacy in the eyes of powerful actors (See Sturdy, 2004). However, whatever the reason is, knowledge is always translated (e.g. travel and transformation) in terms of this perspective.Thus, it is completely up to your theoretical position on knowledge spread. Have a good work!

Best regards,

Mehmet

Thank you for your responses to my question Irene and Mehmet

Western management theories and practices are developed in the United States and Europe, and related to their cultural environment. African countries have their different culture, and it is not always possible to transfer Western management practices to developing countries in general. Local appropriate management practices are needed.