I try to develop a ceramic membrane for separation of chloride from the contaminated water.
Dear Svasankar
The Chloride treatment the Ultra filtration can remove the chloride contents in waste water. The chloride water waste is of great interest as potable water sources are dramatically declining on earth. Most of the techniques used to decontaminate water involve polymeric membranes and expensive desalination processes. To improve thermal, chemical and physical resistance of these membranes, research is now focused on ceramic membranes and hydrophobic ones in particular. The technique used for chloride water is the Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD), which is more compact, less energy-consuming and required lower temperature than conventional distillation processes. Therefore, ceramic membranes of different nature, zirconia, alumina and alumino-silicate, with pore diameters of 50 nm, 200 and 400 nm, and 800 nm, respectively, were chemically modified using 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane and applied to chlordewater. Ceramic membranes may be more favourable economically, than polymeric membranes, On the other hand, low-pressure membrane processes (microfiltration, MF and ultra filtration, UF) seem to be more profitable, than NF or RO, due to low energy consumption. Ceramic membrane hollow fibbers with a nominal pore size of 0.1 µm and a total surface area of 0.8 m2 .Two identical process trains were operated simultaneously in constant flux mode to directly treat raw surface water at each of the locations considered. Coagulation pre-treatment may be implemented in only one of the trains, and its impact on membrane fouling and the performance of the overall system investigated. Membrane fouling quantified in terms of pressure increase per unit time. A distinction made between the types of fouling encountered during each experiment. Fouling that could be effectively removed via a simple hydraulic backwash termed reversible fouling, while irreversible fouling occurred when a simple backwash not enough to recover the loss in permeability.
regards,
Prem Baboo
Dear Sivasankar,
Given the cost per m2, the ceramic is very little used in production of drinking water. Production facilities of drinking water mainly using organic materials, considering the important membrane surfaces implemented.
On the other hand, ceramic membranes allow the treatment of aggressive or very hot solutions and are often used for industrial applications on smaller volumes (
http://www.lenntech.com/abstracts/2084/desalination-of-sodium-chloride-solutions-and-seawater-with-hydrophobic-ceramic-membranes.html
article may be useful
Current ceramic membranes are mostly micro- or ultrafiltration membranes, which do not remove ions like chloride. You need to make the ceramic RO membranes to be able to remove chloride.
Chloride may be removed by RO, if we choose among membrane methods. There are some other methods like electrodialysis, distillation, etc. Ceramic RO membranes are still exotic. There are no industrial application. Experimental samples only.
Usually ceramics membranes are used as MF, UF, NF pretreatment before RO on polymeric membranes.
Ceramic Nanofiltration & RO membranes can be used in this regards with materials such as Titania with Alumina Supports.
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