https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20200501/seasonality-will-eventually-play-a-role-in-covid19-transmission

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COVID-19: Seasonality of Coronaviruses May Provide Insight ...١٩‏/٠٨‏/٢٠٢٠ — Seasonal coronavirus circulation may provide a template for future seasonal circulation of SARS-CoV-2

While temperature and latitude were unmistakably correlated with COVID-19 cases, the researchers are quick to point out climate is only one factor driving seasonal COVID-19 incidence worldwide. The researchers say our own immune systems could be partially responsible for the pattern of seasonality. For example, our immune response to the flu can be influenced by temperature and nutritional status, including vitamin D, a crucial player in our immune defenses. With lower sun exposure during the winter, we don’t make enough of that vitamin. But it’s too soon to say how seasonality and our immune systems interact in the case of COVID-19. Perhaps learning how to boost our immune system could help combat the disease as we struggle to catch up with the ever-changing coronavirus.

https://aces.illinois.edu/news/global-analysis-suggests-covid-19-seasonal

The weather may marginally affect COVID-19 dynamics, but misconceptions about the way that climate and weather drive exposure and transmission have adversely shaped risk perceptions for both policymakers and citizens. Kindly check the following link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18150-z

Hassan Izzeddin Sarsak

Thanks, indeed aware of the weather discussion. We ruled out weather as a factor directly driving seasonality in the Netherlands and indeed could identify immunity-related factors and explanations, including the blocking of ACE-2 and other receptors. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720367127

Weather (T, RH, Wind) is then mainly an indirect factor. And UV light is like a co-inhibitor next to seasonal allergens. A Chicago study confirmed our allergens findings very recently: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.21251322v1

What very recent studies did you encounter or participate in that confirm COVID-19 seasonality (beyond speculation)?

The nations of the tropcis may have different results than we have in Middle Europe Martijn Jurjen Hoogeveen

Look at India, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Iran & Iraq to name some other climates...

I suggest it is a virus that takes options, and large families, no social spacing, no hand hygienic measures and not wearing masks is benefitial for a high spread...

Look into the situation in slums of India and Brazil or South Africa and all refugee camps all around the World... NB: Why is Africa doing so well???

The COVID-19 is not strictly seasonal. However the spread of infection due to SARS-CoV-2 increases just like other respiratory viral infections during the cool temperatures and Winter due to people staying indoors. Being indoors in close proximity of other people with doors and windows shut increases the spread of COVID-19.

Muhammad Yousuf We found that Temperature correlates with COVID-19 but not with R0 (changes in incidence corrected for incubation time). Therefore, we eliminated it as a potentially causal factor, including temperature-related behavior. Moreover, flu season starts (R0>1) in NL in the hottest month: August. It's a myth that flu is a Winter disease.

Have a look on these articles:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2766121

https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/222/1/17/5820656?login=true

https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/222/11/1780/5902938?login=true

Article Does COVID-19 infection impact on the trend of seasonal infl...

What a great and useful information. Thanks to all.

Dear Martijn Jurjen Hoogeveen many thanks for this interesting and important technical question. recent findings indicate that COVID-19 is indeed seasonal. For more information please have a look at the following useful links:

1. Global evidence suggests COVID-19 could be seasonal

https://www.scienceboard.net/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=2055

(published January 28, 2021)

2. Like Flu, COVID-19 May Turn Out to Be Seasonal

https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210202/like-flu-covid-19-may-turn-out-to-be-seasonal

(published February 2, 2021)

3. Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analysis of empirical and epidemiological studies at global and local scales

Article Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analy...

But in which season will it appear/spread? It was very hot in Texas last summer (40 centigrade), but the virus was spreading very intensely. "There is 40 degrees in shadow here - if it were any shadow here", said an overheated BBC reporter, speaking about the intense increase of infections.

Mario Radovan In the temperate region Spring/Early Summer are flu low season, and the rest of the year are basically flu territory.

Yes, we also found that temperature is not a good predictor for flu or covid-19. But, that was actually already known (Tamerius et al). In sub-tropical or tropical countries the seasonal pattern is very different from the one in the temperate clime zones. In our research, confirmed by others, it seems that allergen/allergy season seems to be the factor at play (and meteorological factors are known to play a role in pollen maturing) that is driving seasonality. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720367127?via%3Dihub

Or Chicago https://www.medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.07.21251322v1

There are huge oscillations in the intensity of infections (ten times, in my small country, Croatia). But I do not see the cause of these oscillations. We were nearly at zero infections last June, then it exploded ina August (and ruined the summer touristic business); it peaked around New year 2021, then it fell sharply. This is not my field of expertise (far from it), but I see oscillations and I do not see how to explain them. Probably not by temperature, because infections raised in summer, and fell in the middle of winter 2020/21.

Mario Radovan Also in NL, we predicted and saw the rapid increase in COVID-19 during the Summer (week 33 +/- 1 week). Because, this is the statistical start of flu season. Of course, a factor was of course touristic mobility: meaning more interactions, continent-wide. And indeed it shows that temperature is not a cause. Can't be, because in hot countries there's also flu/covid-19.

Around wk 33, pollen/mold spores goes to zero. And end the protective effects of allergens/allergies (competition for lung receptors/reduced ACE-2 expression, increased T-cell peptides and whiteblood cell activation, and lowered cytokines) during allergy season. There's quite a body of literature now, since it was noticed that people with allergies have a lowered chance on COVID-19 hospitalization.

Martijn Jurjen Hoogeveen - Let me ask something practical. What should one eat/drink to lower the risk of infection? Honey, vitamins (which), wine, or what? I am not particularly afraid of the virus, but I do not know what might lower the risk (except the wearing mask, perhaps).

In general, the advice is to eat healthily (fruits and veggies), lose weight in case of overweight, sport regularly outdoors during daylight (which has the advantage of UV exposure which activates through melatonin the immune system). Whether vitamines help or not is uncertain, but in general better to get them through a healthy diet as the chemical variants often can't be processed by the body. There is a study that points out that even the standard flu vaccine might be protective, although unconfirmed. And, it's now clear that death rates are driven down by COVID-19 vaccinations.