In general, only live attenuated vaccines have oral efficacy, such as the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Rotavirus vaccine.

Vaccines meant for parenteral delivery such as by the intramuscular route may contain killed organisms/parts of the organism, or live attenuated viruses like Varicella zoster and Measles.

The orally delivered would be able to generate an immune response only if:

a) It is able to survive the GI tract - acidity of the stomach, alkalinity of bile, the digestive enzymes, secretory IgA and mucosal immunity.

b) If it is able to cross into the lining epithelial cells - this is generally only possible for molecules having specialised transporters for their uptake from the lumen, and in the case if pathogens, only those able to hijack the host transporters or those that have an innate ability to facilitate their uptake, if a systemic immune response is required (against just a mucosal response, though in some cases, a mucosal response may be sufficient to halt pathogen entry).

if given orally may be cause FMD disease

intramuscular kill the vaccine by WBCs

FMD vaccine will not give any immunity if given orally but some reports are there if blood from any animal recovered from FMD attack given to other animal gives immunity (research to be done)

vinod

please, anyone has idea about the optimal parameter for cultivation of BHK cells in Bioreactor ( Agitation, DO, CO2 and PH).