Dear all,

I have recently decided to switch from Permanova/Primer to R, because the latter is freeware (and I don't know for how long I will still have a license). However, if I cannot seem to resolve my problem (see below), I might just have to go back to using Primer/Permanova.

If I run pairwise permanova/adonis tests on my data, the number of unique permutations is small (I have two groups, each group has 3 observations) and the minimum P value I can get is larger than the alpha value I (and most people) that I use to determine statistical significance (i.e. 0.05). In the manual of the PERMANOVA+ add-on in Primer by Anderson et al. (2008)  it is mentioned (page 28 and onwards) that when the number of unique permutations is small (