Imagine that, when we use a high speed object to impact on a target/substrate, when the velocity high enough, the object might bond with the substrate. However, how to define the normal bonding criterion? shear direction can be easy, we could use coulomb friction model to define a shear stress limit. But, where is the normal stress limit? At least for me, I couldn't find it.
Based on intuition, as long as there is tensile stress appeared at the interface, or at the contacting surfaces belong to object and substrate respectively, the particle should bond with the substrate.
But, I have my simulation result to show that even like this, the object still cannot bond with substrate. So, how to define a bonding criterion? Like based on stress maybe
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