Cognitive Fitness Framework (Aidman, 2020) is focused on the fundamentals of psychological functioning across the spectrum from deficit and dysfunction to the norm and peak performance. One of the key elements of cognitive fitness is executive functioning (EF)—a set of primary neuro-cognitive capacities underpinning self-discipline, attentional focus and impulse control. Executive Functions (EFs) influence the individual capacity for self-control, which in turn is known to predict key aspects of physical and mental health (Schlam et al., 2013), learning and occupational achievements, and social adjustment (Moffitt et al., 2011). Even a modest gain in EF capacity can drive population-wide gains in health, education and productivity (Moffitt et al., 2013). Hence a keen interest in improving EF from multiple stakeholder groups - from training establishments to policy makers. How modifiable are EFs? Twin studies indicate heavy genetic influences on EFs (for review, see Friedman and Miyake, 2017), while longitudinal research shows equally large phénotype variability across developmental trajectories (Moffitt et al., 2011). Reconciling this discrepancy would be a massive help in informing the choice between selection, training and other types of interventions aimed at improving EF.
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