In science and in live, knowledge creation and knowledge acquisition (learning) are very important. Learning or knowledge acquisition can be seen as behavior modification through interventions to achieve results. That intervention can be an experience or a mental process, thinking (discovery through logic). But is it possible that learning doesn’t have to show in behavior modification? There are all kinds of theories about learning and everybody maybe learns in a different way.
There is also the idea about learning paradoxes, things you can’t unlearn, because they are already there (Plato). And if you can’t unlearn them you can’t learn them, so not everything is learnable.
In recent research it showed that to achieve result is not only about behavior modification (knowledge), but that culture and the enabling environment also are playing an important role and that is called capacity and that process is called capacity building. And of course, you have to learn how to build that capacity to achieve the desired results.
In my learning experience, We have to follow the General learning strategy that is recommended mostly by the Ministry of Higher Education. Since decades the system (I'm talking about Iraq), follows a combination of: Information processing- Cognitive theories.. However, during the recent years behavioural & developmental theories are the closest to our practice.
During this period of my life e-learning is what I can do .
There are a variety of effective and useful learning methods and strategies that help achieve learning outcomes in science education, such as problem-based learning, inquiry-based learning, project-based learning, etc.
Please open the attached article. Thanks.
In jurisprudence, the most relevant practice-oriented training and the widespread use of interactive methods.
Knowledge is the ability to grasp new ideas and practical problem-solving skills.
Learning consists in capturing these ideas and putting them into practice.
We are all evolving with our values, principles and expectations in mind and it is within this congruence that we must evolve.
Therefore the learning and acquisition of skills will be in my understanding a process of learning, introspection, reflection, listening and constant search for problem solving.
I personally do believe that learning has effects on our behaviour. Perhaps I am influenced by Plato.
Dear Rudi Darson
I think that Connectivism theory is adequate theory which fits the modern educational setting. This theory recognises that the whole knowledge does not exist in the mind of one person. To form the knowledge, it requires a different approaches to create an overview of the situation.
In my learning experience, We have to follow the General learning strategy that is recommended mostly by the Ministry of Higher Education. Since decades the system (I'm talking about Iraq), follows a combination of: Information processing- Cognitive theories.. However, during the recent years behavioural & developmental theories are the closest to our practice.
Good Knowledge of mathematics produces a good knowledge of Learning .
Inductive / Deductive Logic based learning .
We read we forget / & We see we remember / But we do we learn .- Theory of Learning .
Statistical Application on Learning :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331959445_STATISTICAL_CORRELATION_ON_LEARNING_-_A_CHEMICAL_EDUCATION
Dear Jaydip Datta Tamara Alaa Rajaa A. Mahmoud Mohamed Hossni صلاح حسون جبار Gianluigi Segalerba Manuel Joaquim Sousa Pereira Charalampos Triantis Martinos Hassan Izzeddin Sarsak Mohamed Hossni , thank you all for your reaction.
But maybe you can delve more into your personal learning style such as: visual, verbal, social, logical.......... Certain people have to see before they can acquire the information and transfer it into knowledge. Some has to write it or read it aloud or use combinations of acquisition. Some people learn best at night or daytime. Certain people need coaches, a tutor or need discussions (social). I don't think everybody does the same or do they?
Dear Emad Kamil Hussein Rajaa A. Mahmoud can you elaborate more on the general learning strategy of the Minister of Higher Education? Does in entail? Can you modify it for personal use and how do you do that? What are the advantages of that learning strategy?
Learning is an experience of lived, lived, tested, experienced or felt experiences.
Empowerment consists in turning knowledge into skill.
In this sense, our learning shows much of our motivation, repetition and resilience in learning or "new". In short, we have learned formally or informally, to experiment and apply knowledge applications is a conversion factor for capturing distinctive and differentiating skills and abilities ...
Nobody dived into dealing with the learning theories, so I’ll give it a try. There are 7 learning theories:
a. Behaviorism: learning is passive, and the individual learns by stimuli, whether negative or positive. It is based on behavior (Pavlov; Skinner). The senses are very important here (listening, seeing, feeling, tasting, smelling).
b. Cognitivism: learning takes place in the mind, processing information, the mind is a black box (Piaget; Gestalt theory, mind mapping). To understand what is going on there you have to open the mind.
c. Constructivism: for learning to take place there is an active construction of models and presentations by people. Much of the learning through research and in university (schools) classes are constructed.
d. Connectivism: people learn through forming connections, learning never stops, it is an ongoing process, no matter what age (life long learning).
e. Humanistic learning: learning is based on the individual to reach self-actualization and the individual uses means such as scenario’s, role playing, experiences, and observation of others are used.
f. Transformative learning: this is learning through revising and reinterpreting with others. This is more group learning or organizational learning, not only individuals can learn, but groups and organizations also do. Learning e.g. through coaching, mentoring, tutoring, consulting, reflection.
g. Machine learning: Mot only humans learn but machines also do through Artificial Intelligence and men can work together with machines such as robots.
Do you agree with the categories? If not, comment on it please. And which learning theory do you use?
Peter Ayodeji Idowu, with what part of Jaydip Datta view do you agree? How do you learn and what learning theories are close to your learning practices?
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277811/1-s2.0-S1877042810X00143/1-s2.0-S1877042810023426/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=AgoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQCPq83GC1loEH8kBAPbAYV5k%2BYSgNRgKy%2F9wYwxzI6gIgIhAPecNXeB7NfU4Ify2YrGUnfbAS5ak%2FYQxJLhxYoJHlVlKuMDCNH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1Igwyy5aZ51T%2F5klEwGUqtwNu9Yt6ZP9gaYqcJpDQ4qaFJnvGLqAEzXx8ouiNAWjehvtJMEjemwe5JV%2FlmVyFthKtOBr2XW9KH%2FIdCNkgBISyFlLh8h5T9DppHTiYY1bjkvxEW6dKCjpmF2WxT4fdlpjwnS6ITy7P3RsERTnEgYuMKF7iV4Nj4Rs7OiDUlBY5Psx0KwxZ0b%2B1xZra5Ae%2ByWyVQzUGmxU3U%2B2A8kgKaY3CHK9s39yn7jZpul1egnG9WonEO%2F5%2BV14t%2F7zL4DCzb4Oylv2EKPTDpcOzyS1joLXIneETV5gdNHfrLSGbXcc7A6%2F%2BoUlL9HgbkfPHMt987kTluYxkwqavdvTIljskZSNKGzqwNEfhj0U5j3%2FXMrrpXMJnbwlp87xtekamtbc4YbAXbr1no3g05QAuIbpS0K80fvyg%2B0PuDF56ODWFFl3N0MYSWTwTk7S4lmLR8TEkw2nvn0k%2BUslJYzJSV9CWmVC2sbQ4c8fUdd9W8fstuBsn%2BCBwCBhn5lrZOOz7me%2FnxUXijeI6mHqGlmCqRnFTWPLVBN7fuC7gDi4jrke6cLxb7DuXZoVzfLVdjBQY7s003kh0v0vqgAsVMPW7te0FOrMBl2XW0YmK2GRp7QOf2SYBFbklFsp6dMnuXzT%2BkB1nKIiCPgX%2Br9EsKZxZFHPExunpK1PWwa8Y6GUG3BS0cRn5%2FWnJXkyYbAnAQH6K%2Few%2FJG6xbMH0ZX4u2qwQDFNgfQpwBlf8IN%2FzIt98NK%2BfvEx7JiKX%2BaH0hUSEtsQFxPX2Y0duRdd37DS90u6J28GcSbDx0nmf82Hub%2BYN4Fr%2FKeiUvyFS%2FYT1PY6wvHJTJa2Zmf4mQtg%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20191021T082444Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYSS64YPCP%2F20191021%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=07d28b40872e67b9ce1f61049b4f02e8dec52ad3d382e8c50dec2c05a8f9e71c&hash=37b91435f45fdf215d6f678884acf275750d54892217d3f4739a2c03ffcdbf19&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1877042810023426&tid=spdf-fbdfb958-a1cb-4ace-ade7-7e6d3c3ce561&sid=2d686ae6824d804a540b3ce-0cacef8913edgxrqb&type=client
For me, humanitarian learning can be more complete as we are the ones who think, that is, we are the fruit of our thinking and so if we think we can do it. In this sense, learning, personal, organizational, mechanical, technological, artificial transformation is always the result of our brains and brains that together in a system and community realized ...
Manuel Joaquim Sousa Pereira
What do you think about machine learning in combination with 'humanitarian' (individual) learning?
I think the fruit of learned digital programming that will be an extension of human learning, or will be, will be a combination of the "logic" of programming with human learning and its current and future project.
Thus all robotics, digital intelligence, digitization will be a "prolongation of human thinking" and its application...
Paul: b. Cognitivism: learning takes place in the mind, processing information, the mind is a black box.
The inventor of behaviorism was John Watson, whose essay in 1913 founded this direction. It was not completely new, but had a leading tradition in the physiology of 19th century European medicine. Behaviorism only became radical as a psychological theory of behavior, because no other sources of knowledge - such as self-observation, reported experience, social learning from a model, etc. - did not permit, but were limited to the measurement of stimulus-reaction processes. The procedure of gauging in Behaviorism was very precise, but whether the psyche, consciousness, feelings of the person can be grasped in their complexity, this was controversial and still is today. -
A lot can also be said about the other concepts you mentioned. Why is psychoanalysis missing?
قراءة ومتابعة الجهود العلمية للباحثين وتطوير التعاون العلمي معهم وتطوير المناهج التعليمية والتربوية للمتعلمين واستمرار النشاط العلمي والبحثي
Dear Hein Retter, I don't consider psychoanalysis a learning theory. For me it is a method to discover unconscious motivation, conflicts and symbolism as practiced by Sigmund Freud and his followers.
How do you use psychoanalysis for learning? Is there a psychoanalytic theory of learning?
Dear Rudi, 1/ As almost always in psychology it depends on the point of view. In fact, in introductions to the directions of psychology you will often find a juxtaposition between learning theories and instinct (drive) theories, then psychoanalysis is usually counted among the instinct theories. Often, however, "personality theories" are mentioned as a special group as relavant with their various representatives, and then psychoanalysis can also be added there.
2/ Freud has developed psychoanalysis as a form of therapy on the one hand, but on the other hand also as a cultural and societal theory, which focuses on the phenomenon of "aggression" and the contrast between the libido and the death drive (it's the more speculative part of his work).
If we concentrate on psychoanalysis as therapy - then it is like any of the classical psychotherapies - a way of learning: suppressions of childhood, which produce neurotic behaviour, must be uncovered with the help of the method of free association. It is also a way of liberation that has to take into account the contradictions and obstacles to this process of self-recognition and self-cleaning. There is no distinction between "sick" and "healthy". Anyone can undergo psychoanalysis by a therapist trained for this purpose. In German-speaking countries, psychoanalysis played a central role in the theories of the 68ers, in connection with "emancipation" and socio-critical analysis (Frankfurter Schule).
3/ In your enumeration of different learning theories I notice that you use "labels" for theories that have something - but not only - to do with learning, but that the usual terms for pure learning theories do not occur (respective unsharp mixed) with you. I would separate the following theories of learning:
a) Assosiative learning (classical conditioning; Pavlov); b) attempt error learning (learning by success; Skinner); c) model learning (imitation learning; social learning; Bandura); d) learning by restructuring (Gestalt psychology; creaitivity research; historical example "Gauss finds a formula for the arithmetic series at 10 years of age"); d) memory learning (classical memory curves for keeping and forgetting meaningless syllables; H. Ebbinghaus);
Note on Piaget: Piaget's achievement was the discovery of some special cognitive schemata in child development; he developed a theory of cognitive schemata rather than a theory of learning, for he believed that children could only learn what was possible within the schema; for him, the schemata themselves were primarily linked to maturation processes. In the meantime, research has continued.
Hein Retter
Dear Hein, thank you for your detailed explanation and you have illuminated some subjects for me. You have categorized learning theories into 5 groups:
a) Assosiative learning: (classical conditioning; Pavlov);
b) attempt error learning: (learning by success; Skinner);
c) model learning: (imitation learning; social learning; Bandura);
d) learning by restructuring: (Gestalt psychology; creaitivity research; historical example "Gauss finds a formula for the arithmetic series at 10 years of age");
e) memory learning: (classical memory curves for keeping and forgetting meaningless syllables; H. Ebbinghaus);
Why is your approach better than the categories such as: behaviorism, neuro science learning theory, information processing learning theory, social cognitive theories, social learning theories, constructivism? Are the categories you have made not rather methods than theories? And what does the literature on learning theories say about categorizing?
Thanks in advance for the time you spend answering the questions.
Rudi Darson@
1/ I am neither an expert in learning theories nor do I claim that the answers I give here are absolutely correct and that everything else is wrong. I have mentioned important basic forms of learning; perhaps experts today distinguish other aspects as well.
2/ It's just that a term like constructivism or humanistic theory or machine learning are certain concepts that have been given a name, but their focus, as the name implies, is not on learning, but on "personality" or another anchor.
3/ When Carl Rogers developed the concept, which was then given the - bombastic - name "humanistic" (the other theories are not inhuman either), it was intended as a contrast to behaviorism on the one hand, and psychoanalysis on the other. But which basic forms of learning play a role here and in which relation they stand to each other is not discussed at all, is also much less important than the view on the human being behind it.
Hein Retter
Well Hein, thanks again for your reaction on categorizing learning theories. I do consider you an expert on learning because of the way you are dealing with the subject and your professional background.
Trial and error. We need to put into practise what we learn and relearn what cannot be acheived. Experience teaches us the correct way. Learning theories built on a good foundation and relates to fundamentals of what we have already learned.
Each researcher, each person prefers different ways of learning. As a mathematical, I do prefer to build an abstract understanding of the subject according to known data.
It sounds easy but it is not. Before developing own abstract picture of the studied natural phenomenon, there are several crucial steps saving a lot of time and effort
* Collection of all high-quality experimental data
* Collection of all major theories/descriptions of the observed phenomenon.
* Deep analysis of all information.
* Reexamination of all theories and focus on their weak points.
* Playing with the future theory in the head.
* Finding the best way.
* Defining theory/description and solving it.
* Solution usually goes through computer modeling.
* All steps are pack by tons of mathematics, which is necessary to understand to the as smallest possible detail as possible.
* In all of the steps, I do heavily rely on my past studies of thousands of different models/descriptions of natural phenomena usually done using complex systems approaches.
Sounds easy, but there must be a lot of background knowledge build prior to all of it. Hence, it is crucial to find good review papers, introductory books, open-source software, etc. It speeds up the learning curve substantially.
Research is a great adventure when practiced in a certain way :-)
Good luck with your research :-)
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