Determine the velocity of the fluid at different locations with the aid of ultrasonic measurement system. If the velocity changes at a location, possibly there is a reduction in pipe diameter at that location.
The attached paper may help also. In addition to V K Sharma's answer above, vibration analysis may be used to detect fluid velocity changes which well correlates with blockage thickness.
Sound, vibration, flow analisis, pump energy consuption, pressure in some parts...
Every thing will work, if we could compare between the actual (blocked) situation and non blocked situation.
Other techniques are X ray (digital or traditional film) and ultrasonic measurement. those are cheap and easy and the results are free of doubts or interpretation.
Do you want to detect or measure.....detect is easy , go and tap along the pipe and listen to the sound , where the sound generated is different there is something there., well if younwant to measure the extent of blockage ultra sonic thickness may help.
If your pumping power goes up then the flow is restricted....use can use the technique
8use by medical doctors to detect high blood pressure