We are working with glass pieces coated with a FTO film, as purchased from a supplier. We would like to covalently attach silane groups to the surface via reflux. First, we need to figure out how to partially hydrolyze the surface of the FTO so that it is hydroxylated to the highest extent possible to facilitate silane attachment. Researchers working on catalysis have recommended plasma treatment, and perovskite researchers have recommended UV exposure. However, we have not found literature to suggest that either of these techniques are ideal for getting close to a monolayer of hydroxides. What is the best technique to accomplish this goal?